what do you mean by : a. phlegmatic b. sanguine c. choleric d. melancholy?

Answer 1

History and The Ancient Four Temperaments
Five Temperament theory has its roots in the ancient four humors theory of the Greek Historian Hippocrates (460-370 BC), who believed certain human behaviors were caused by body fluids (called "humors"): blood (sanguis), [yellow] bile (cholera or Gk. χολη, kholé) black bile (μελας, melas, "black", + χολη, kholé, "bile"); and phlegm. Next, Galen (131-200) developed the first typology of temperament in his dissertation Die Temperamentis, and searched for physiological reasons for different behaviors in humans. Nicholas Culpeper (1616-1654) was the first to disregard the idea of fluids as defining human behavior, and Maimonides (1135-1204), Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), Alfred Adler (1879-1937) and Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) all theorized on the four temperaments and greatly shaped our modern theories of temperament. Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) was one of the first psychologists to analyze personality differences using a psycho-statistical method (factor analysis), and his research led him to believe that temperament is biologically based. The factors he proposed in his book Dimensions of Personality were Neuroticism (N) which was the tendency to experience negative emotions, and the second was Extraversion (E) which was the tendency to enjoy positive events, especially social ones. By pairing the two dimensions, Eysenck noted how the results were similar to the four ancient temperaments.

High N, High E = Choleric
High N, Low E = Melancholy (also called "Melancholic")
Low N, High E = Sanguine
Low N, Low E = Phlegmatic

Answer 2

Phlegmatic ~ Adjective
1. Showing little emotion; "a phlegmatic...and certainly undemonstrative man".

Sanguine ~ Adjective
1. Confidently optimistic and cheerful.

2. Inclined to a healthy reddish color often associated with outdoor life; "a ruddy complexion"; "Santa's rubicund cheeks"; "a fresh and sanguine complexion".

Choleric ~ Adjective
1. Easily moved to anger; "men of the choleric type take to kicking and smashing"- H.G.Wells.

2. Quickly aroused to anger; "a hotheaded commander".

3. Characterized by anger; "a choleric outburst"; "an irascible response".

Melancholy ~ Adjective
1. Characterized by or causing or expressing sadness; "growing more melancholy every hour"; "her melancholic smile"; "we acquainted him with the melancholy truth".

Noun
1. A feeling of thoughtful sadness.

2. A constitutional tendency to be gloomy and depressed.

3. A humor that was once believed to be secreted by the kidneys or spleen and to cause sadness and melancholy.

Answer 3

phlegmatic:
1. not easily excited to action or display of emotion; apathetic; sluggish.
2. self-possessed, calm, or composed.
3. of the nature of or abounding in the humor phlegm.

sanguine :
1. cheerfully optimistic, hopeful, or confident: a sanguine disposition; sanguine expectations.
2. reddish; ruddy: a sanguine complexion.
3. (in old physiology) having blood as the predominating humor and consequently being ruddy-faced, cheerful, etc.


choleric:
1. extremely irritable or easily angered; irascible: a choleric disposition.
2. Obsolete.

melancholy:

1. a gloomy state of mind, esp. when habitual or prolonged; depression.
2. sober thoughtfulness; pensiveness.

Answer 4

In General Psychology, these are terms used in determining an individual's personality.

Answer 5

Congrats on being a studious scholar in the pursuit of hedonism. Many are called - few are chosen!