Sports-Related Projects
Does the Base Stealer Take the Base from the Catcher or the Pitcher? Use a stopwatch to time the pitcher's motion from the start of the windup to the release of the ball. Do this for as many pitchers as you can. Be sure to take several measurements for each pitcher in order to get consistent results. Is there a correlation between windup time and steals against? Useful data: good hard throw: 120 feet per second; fast runner: 30 feet per second; 90 feet between bases. Can you think of ways to control for the ability of the catcher to make a fast, accurate throw? (Barr, 1990, pp. 58–59.)
How Fast Is Your Reaction Time? Many sports skills require quick reaction times: think of hitting a 95-mph fastball, returning a 100-mph tennis serve, or blocking a slapshot at the net in hockey. (The Experimental Procedure section below has one way to measure reaction time.) Is your right hand faster than your left? Can you improve your reaction time with practice? Do both hands improve if you only practice with one hand? Try relating your reaction time to real situations in your favorite sport. For example, calculate where the baseball is on its way to the plate when the batter has to make his decision to swing. In addition to reaction time, it takes between 150–190 ms from initiating the swing to making contact with the ball. You'll also need to know the distance from the pitcher to home plate, and the speed of a pitched ball. (Wiese, 2002, pp. 6–8; Adair, 2002, Chapter 3; Brody, 1987, pp. 145–147.) See the Science Buddies project Think Fast! for a step-by-step procedure.
Practice. We've all heard that "practice makes perfect," but what is the best way to practice? For example, does "mental practice" do any good? You'll need at least 9 volunteers for this project. Pick a well-defined sports activity, with a measurable outcome, such as shooting basketball free-throws (measure number of shots taken and number of shots made), or balancing on one foot on a slightly raised beam (measure how long you can do it; if it's too easy, try closing your eyes). Test all volunteers and record their performance. Assign one group to physically practice the activity daily for a specified amount of time; assign a second group to mentally practice the activity daily for the same amount of time; assign a third group to refrain from practicing the activity. Test performance of all volunteers again both 1 and 2 weeks later. Another idea: does it make a difference if your practice time is done all at once (e.g., one 5-minute session) or spread out during the day (e.g. five 1-minute sessions)? (Wiese, 2002, pp. 11–13; 16–18.)
Other Projects
Classical Music and Cognitive Tasks. Does listening to classical music help or hinder concentration and performance on cognitive tasks? You'll need help from a teacher to design two short, age-appropriate worksheet tests for this experiment. The tests should be of equal difficulty. You'll also need the cooperation of several additional classroom teachers in order to test enough students (at least 50–100, see the Science Buddies resource: How Many Participants Do I Need?) Half the students will take test A while listening to classical music and test B with no background music. The other half of the students will take test B while listening to classical music and test A with no background music. Analyze the scores to see if there are differences in performance between the music and non-music conditions. You should also be able to show that the two tests are equally difficult under the same conditions (or use the averaged results to correct for any difference in difficulty between the two tests). (Ritblatt, 2004)
Music and Heart Rate. Do different types of music have different effects on the heart rate of listeners? Prepare 3-minute music samples of at least three different types of music. For example, you could use different styles of music: e.g., jazz, classical, and rap. As another example, your selections could be from the same musical genre, but have different tempos. Make sure that each of your recordings has its volume level as nearly equal to the others as you can make it. Recruit at least 100 volunteers for testing (more is better, see the Science Buddies resource: How Many Participants Do I Need?) Test each volunteer individually. For each subject, measure baseline heart rate without music and heart rate while listening to each of the different music samples. Make your measurements at the same time points for every subject. You might also want to conduct a survey of your participants to find out what types of music they prefer, and ask for a 1–5 rating for each of the selections they heard. For analyzing the data, calculate the average and standard deviation for heart rate and change from baseline for each selection. Are there differences in heart rate when listening to music with a slower tempo vs. music with a faster tempo? Use the survey results to see if there are consistent responses in heart rate when listeners hear music that they like, or music that they dislike.
Experimental Procedure
Collecting Data
Most experiments designed to study sociology or human behavior require data collection from human subjects. This data can be collected either through observation studies or questioning the subjects directly. An observation study is one where the researcher simply "observes" the subjects, and has little or no interaction with the subjects while gathering the data. The questioning method of data collection involves direct interaction between the researcher and the subjects, through the use of interviews or surveys. There are pros and cons to each approach:
Observation Questioning
Pros Generally most effective means for studying young children who are unable to respond to questions
More convenient and less intrusive for subject
Captures an individual's genuine reactions
Valuable for collecting information on unobservable variables such as feelings, motives, perceptions, attitudes, etc...
Usually less time consuming method for capturing sufficient data
Cons Limited to collecting data about visible characteristics or behavior
More time consuming to capture sufficient data for conclusions
The questions, or the mere fact of being questioned, may influence a subject's responses.
2007-03-12 14:51:35
·
answer #4
·
answered by Silly Girl 5
·
0⤊
0⤋