Were European Americans affected by Dual Labor Market, Environmental Justice Issues, Affirmative action?

Answer 1

In affirmative action, employers and other institutions actively promoted minorities, in some cases over european-Americans with better performance/qualifications/credentials.
This most famously came to light in the supreme court case, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, in which Bakke sued over being denied admission to medical school while minorities with lower test scores were admitted. The supreme court sided with Bakke, granting him admission, and effectively banning the use of ethnic quotas in affirmative action.