There are a number of movement disorders
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the result of the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. The four primary symptoms of PD are: (1) tremor, or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; (2) rigidity, or stiffness of the limbs and trunk; (3) bradykinesia, or slowness of movement; and (4) postural instability, or impaired balance and coordination. As these symptoms become more pronounced, patients may have difficulty walking, talking, or completing other simple tasks. PD usually affects people over the age of 50 but can occur at very young and very advanced age as well. Early symptoms of PD are often subtle and may progress gradually. In some people the disease progresses more quickly than in others. As the disease progresses, tremors, which affects the majority of PD patients, may begin to interfere with daily activities. Other symptoms may include depression and other emotional changes; difficulty in swallowing, chewing, and speaking; urinary problems or constipation; skin problems; and sleep disruptions.
Huntington's Disease
Huntington's disease (HD) results from genetically programmed degeneration of brain cells, called neurons, in certain areas of the brain. This degeneration causes uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbance. HD is a familial disease, passed from parent to child through a mutation in the normal gene. Each child of an HD parent has a 50-50 chance of inheriting the HD gene. If a child does not inherit the HD gene, he or she will not develop the disease and cannot pass it to subsequent generations. A person who inherits the HD gene will sooner or later develop the disease. Whether one child inherits the gene has no bearing on whether others will or will not inherit the gene. Some early symptoms of HD are mood swings, depression, irritability or trouble driving, learning new things, remembering a fact, or making a decision. As the disease progresses, concentration on intellectual tasks becomes increasingly difficult and the patient may have difficulty feeding himself or herself and swallowing. The rate of disease progression and the age of onset vary from person to person.
Dystonia
The dystonias are movement disorders in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. The movements, which are involuntary and sometimes painful, may affect a single muscle; a group of muscles such as those in the arms, legs, or neck; or the entire body. Early symptoms may include deterioration in handwriting, foot cramps, or a dragging foot after running or walking some distance. Other possible symptoms are tremor and voice or speech difficulties. About half the cases of dystonia have no apparent connection to any other disease or injury and are called primary or idiopathic dystonia. Of the primary dystonias, many cases appear to be inherited. Dystonias can also be symptoms of other diseases, some of which may be hereditary. These are referred to as secondary dystonias. In some individuals, symptoms of a dystonia appear in childhood. For other individuals, the symptoms emerge in late adolescence or early adulthood. Dystonia can begin in one part of the body and spread to others over time. In many individuals, however, it remains confined to one part of the body and can remain stable for long periods of time.
Torticollis
Torticollis is a focal dystonia that is limited to the head and neck. In most cases, due to the muscle contractions, the head tilts towards one shoulder while the chin tilts to the other. It can be associated with head tremors or jerking movements. Torticollis may cause pain, facial deformity and effect everyday functions if it is not treated. Oral and injectable medications combined with physical therapy are most commonly administered to relieve pain and reduce symptoms of this disorder. In extreme cases that do not respond to medications, deep brain stimulation surgery can be an effective option.
Tourette's Syndrome
Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, stereotyped, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics. The first symptoms of TS are almost always noticed in childhood. Some of the more common tics include eye blinking and other vision irregularities, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging, and head or shoulder jerking. Perhaps the most dramatic and disabling tics are those that result in self-harm such as punching oneself in the face, or vocal tics including coprolalia (uttering swear words) or echolalia (repeating the words or phrases of others). Many with TS experience additional neurobehavioral problems including inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms such as intrusive thoughts/worries and repetitive behaviors.
Tremor
Tremor is a rhythmic, involuntary muscular contraction characterized by oscillations (to-and-fro movements) of a part of the body. The most common of all involuntary movements, tremor can affect various body parts such as the hands, head, facial structures, vocal cords, trunk, and legs; most tremors, however, occur in the hands. Tremors can be characterized by whether they are present when the affected limb is at rest (a resting tremor) or when the limb is being moved (an action tremor). Tremor often accompanies neurological disorders and determining their cause is important in choosing the appropriate treatment. One of the most common types of tremor is an action-type tremor called Essential Tremor. It often runs in families and typically affects the hands and head but can affect the legs and voice as well. Although the disorder is not life-threatening, it can be responsible for functional disability and social embarrassment. It can often be treated with oral and injectable medications but severe cases of tremor sometimes require Deep Brain Stimulation surgery to accomplish optimal tremor control.
Hemifacial Spasm
Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by frequent involuntary contractions of the muscles on one side of the face. The disorder occurs in both men and women, although it more frequently affects middle-aged or elderly women. The first symptom is usually an intermittent twitching of the eyelid muscle that can lead to forced closure of the eye. The spasm may then gradually spread to involve the muscles of the lower face, which may cause the mouth to be pulled to one side. Eventually the spasms can involve all of the muscles on one side of the face and can occur continuously. The condition may be caused by a facial nerve injury or a tumor, or it may have no apparent cause. Very commonly, hemifacial spasm is caused by a blood vessel pressing on the facial nerve. Local injections to overactive muscles can relieve the symptoms.
Restless Legs Syndrome
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological disorder characterized by unpleasant sensations of the legs and an urge to move them for relief. Individuals affected with the disorder describe the sensations as pulling, drawing, crawling, wormy, boring, tingling, pins and needles, prickly, and sometimes painful sensations that are usually accompanied by an overwhelming urge to move the legs. Movement provides temporary relief from the discomfort. The spells can occur at any time but most often occur at night. RLS varies from mild to severe and often responds very well to medications.
Tardive Dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia is an uncommon neurological syndrome caused by the long-term use of neuroleptic drugs. Neuroleptic drugs are generally prescribed for psychiatric disorders, as well as for some gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements. Features of the disorder may include grimacing, tongue protrusion, lip smacking, puckering and pursing, and rapid eye blinking. Rapid movements of the arms, legs, and trunk may also occur. It can also present as a dystonia, like torticollis (see above). Involuntary movements of the fingers may appear as though the patient is playing an invisible guitar or piano. Treatment often involves medications as well as stopping the neuroleptic that may be causing the syndrome.
Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes (APS)
Many relatively uncommon disorders may have symptoms that overlap with the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. These disorders are often referred to as “Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes” or “Parkinson’s Plus” syndromes. Like Parkinson’s, they often have tremors, stiffness and slowness and may even respond to the same anti-Parkinson’s medications. They usually have additional features that allow movement disorder specialists to distinguish them from typical Parkinson’s. Some of these disorders include:
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy – Parkinson-like symptoms along with eye movement abnormalities and trouble with balance and mood.
Multiple Systems Atrophy – Parkinson-like symptoms with additional difficulties with balance or trouble regulating blood pressure and urine control.
Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration – Parkinson-like symptoms along with trouble controlling hand movements and performing certain tasks.
Diffuse Lewy Body Disease – Parkinson-like symptoms with significant memory troubles.
Spincerebellar Ataxia
The spinocerebellar ataxias (or SCA’s) are a diverse group of genetic disorders that are characterized by progressive difficulties with coordination. The SCA’s are sub-divided into different categories based on additional features. SCA 3, for example, can have features similar to Parkinson’s in addition to coordination problems. Many SCA’s can be diagnosed with genetic tests. Treatment for these disorders is a challenge and focuses on therapies to improve coordination.
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)
This disorder is often referred to as “water on the brain” by the general public. It is a poorly understood syndrome where the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord) does not drain properly. The result is a combination of memory trouble, gait difficulties and urinary incontinence. These symptoms sometimes can look like either Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. An MRI of the brain can be helpful in making the diagnosis. Treatment involves placing a shunt to help drain the fluid.
TAKE YOUR PICK :)
THIS AREA IS FOR INFORMATION NOT TREATMENT.
AS ALWAYS: GO TO A DOCTOR AND GET IT CHECKED OUT! DO NOT GAMBLE WITH YOUR HEALTH!!!!!
2007-03-10 00:44:55
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answer #1
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answered by Anonymous
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