What was the state of the economy following World War 2 in America up until 1954?

Question

Any details about the economy would be helpful.

Answer 1

economic boom. America had increased its manufacturing base significantly during the war. Without a need to produce military equipment, the factories started producing for consumers again.

When soldiers returned home, they got married, started a family (start of the baby boom) and started buying things (increased consumer spending) for themselves like previous generations had not done. This period was marked by a significant increase in consumer confidence, and spending.

Answer 2

I trust alot of the solutions here, The Allies did win the conflict, no longer merely usa! Now, the only way usa did win the conflict itself is that we had our u . s . a . no longer invaded by ability of the different u . s . a . and subsequently, we've been able to maintain our industries going and supply something of the Allies all in the process the conflict and did no longer difficulty approximately having our factories bombed out!!!! So, the way usa did help Win the the conflict the main, as properly each and all of the infantrymen and the A-Bombs, replaced into that we've been the provision area of the Allies and we did save the conflict Going by ability of all of the supplies we've been able to offer to the Allies!! additionally, the way the Russians did get into the conflict against Germany is that Hitler did settle on he could attempt to overcome Russia first and then go the Channel to Invade England. He did make his worst mistake here!! Russia did pay him back for this by ability of turning out to be a member of the Allies while it observed it replaced into desirable to do!!!

Answer 3

booming, housing starts were way up, babies were being born in droves, air travel was taking off - no pun intended.

Answer 4

good article here...

Answer 5

Depression, World War II and the Cold War
TOPICS >>>
Scottsboro Boys Trial, 1930s
Black labor organizing, 1930s
Black segregated units in World War II
Blacks in Communist Party USA
Marian Anderson; impact of Roosevelt agencies, NRA, WPA, TVA
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Harlem Congressman
Henry Lee Moon, The Balance of Power (1948)
Election of 1948: Dewey vs. Truman
Du Bois's interest in Socialism, 1904-1940s; visits Soviet Union in 1926,
1936 and in 1949. Advocates welfare state socialism similar to Sweden
Impact of the Cold War and McCarthyism in Black America, 1946-1950s


The Great Depression, 1929-1941:
Unemployed workers, malnutrition, poverty widespread; growth of
Communist Party; rent strikes; organizing the unemployed;
Unemployed Councils of the US; Socialist Party creates the Workers Alliance of America
Herbert Hoover administration, 1929-1933
John J. Parker, North Carolina Judge, 1930, Supreme Court controversy
Scottsboro Boys Case, Alabama, 1931
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal


Black Cabinet:
Robert C. Weaver, William Hastie, Mary McLeod Bethune
A. Philip Randolph, Ralph Bunche, others establish the National ***** Congress in Chicago, 1935


Influence of Paul Robeson:
***** March on Washington Movement, 1941
Fair Employment Practices Committee, 1941
Major advances for African-Americans in organized labor, 1940s


NAACP Legal Defense Fund:
Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall
Guinn v. US 1915-- outlawing grandfather clause legislation
Norris v. Alabama, 1935-- outlawed the exclusion of blacks from state juries
Morgan v. Virginia, 1946-- outlawed segregation on interstate buses,
transportation
Smith vs. Alwright, 1944-- outlawed the whites-only Democratic Primary
Debate within the NAACP over the issue of racial segregation--
Du Bois vs. Walter White, 1934; Du Bois resigns from the NAACP, 1934
Du Bois rejoins NAACP in 1944; he is fired from NAACP in 1948 election
partially because of his support for Henry Wallace over Truman


National ***** Labor Council:
Cleveland Robinson, William Hood,
Coleman Young, Ewart Guinier. Robeson and Du Bois, 1951-1955



PERSONALITIES >>>
Paul Robeson
Walter White
W.E.B. Du Bois
Mary McLeod Bethune
Charles Hamilton Houston
Jackie Robinson
Joe Louis
Philip Randolph
George Padmore
Benjamin Davis (black Communist leader, not the general with the same name)


Philip Randolph, The Messenger 1917-1925, militant socialist newspaper

Chandler Owen, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters-1925 first black union to win official contract with white company-1937

Cyril V. Briggs, African Blood Brotherhood



READINGS >>>
Giddings, When and Where I Enter, Chapters XII, XIII and XIV, pp. 199-258.

Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion Chapter II, "The Cold War in Black America, 1945-1954," pp. 13-39.

Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, Chapter II, "Standing for Justice: Mississippi and the Till Case," pp. 37-57.

Marable and Mullings, eds., Let Nobody Turn Us Around, Section Three, Numbers 9-21, pp. 295-364.



MULTIMEDIA >>>
Music:
Marian Anderson - "Schubert's Ave Maria"
Mahalia Jackson - "Take My Hand Precious Lord"
Mahalia Jackson - "Trouble of the World"
Billie Holiday - "Strange Fruit"
Paul Robeson - "Ole Man River"
Paul Robeson - "Swing Low, Seet Chariot"

Films:
Clip of Marian Anderson singing at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C., 1939
Historical clips on black life during the Great Depression
Clips from film, Tuskegee Airman
Historical film on Paul Robeson, A. Philip Randolph, Mary McLeod Bethune




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Muftism and Nazism: World War II Collaboration Documents

Vienna, Austria 1939
PLO Daily "Intifada"
December 14, 20001

Creating a land "Free of Jews"
After World War II, many of both European and Arab states, as illustrated in the tables above, have been rendered virtually judenrein (free of Jews-Hitler's term), in spite of the thriving populations in both European and Arab states prior to the war.
TABLE A.
The Jewish Population
in Europe2
1930s 1956
Austria 191,000 12,000
Belgium 60,000 35,000
Bulgaria 48,000 6,000
Czechoslovakia 356,000 18,000
Denmark - 6,500
France 260,000 250,000
Germany 503,000 25,000
Great Britain 300,000 450,000
Greece 73,000 6,000
Holland 112,000 25,000
Hungary 444,000 135,000
Italy 48,000 33,000
Latvia 93,000 -
Lithuania 155,000 -
Poland 3,113,000 50,000
Rumania 758,000 190,000
Russia (incl.
Asiatic Russia) 3,021,000 2,500,000
Sweden - 13,000
Switzerland 18,000 20,000
Turkey
(European) 52,000 60,000
Yugoslavia 69,000 6,500
Other Countries 49,000 12,800
Total 9,654,000 3,773,800
TABLE B.
Estimated Jewish Population
In Arab Countries 3



pre-1948 1979-1982
Iraq 125,000-135,000 200-300
Egypt 75,000 250
Syria 30,000 4,300-4,800
Yemen
Aden 55,000
8,000 1,200
Morocco 265,000 18,000
Algeria 130,000-140,000 300-400
Tunisia 105,000 2,500-4,000
Lebanon 5,000 200
Libya 38,000 15-20

Of more than 9,654,000 Jews in Europe before W.W.II, less than half remain. in spite of the fact that several tens of thousands returned to Europe after the war. Approximately 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazi's as the British reduced immigration quotas to "the Jewish National Homeland" to a token amount. Of more than 850,000 Jews in Arab lands before Israel's statehood, fewer than 29,000 remain, the vast majority fleeing to Israel fleeing religious persecution.

Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has been excluded from the chart because Jews have long been forbidden to enter, much less live in what has been deemed "moderate" Saudi Arabia -- with the notable exceptions of Henry Kissinger, when he was the United States Secretary of State; Secretary of Defense Harold Brown in 1979; and perhaps a few selected Jewish academicians, businessmen, or journalists. Saudi Arabia, where thriving and influential communities of Arabian Jews existed at the time of Islam's creation in the seventh century,4 has maintained a "moderate" policy that totally excludes Jews. As the Saudi Arabian Ambassador to The Hague said, upon Dutch Foreign Minister Max Van Der Stoel's proposed visit to Saudi Arabia in 1975,
No Jewish journalist will be allowed into Saudi Arabia to cover Mr. Van Der Stoel's visit.... Official policy has always been to refuse entry to Jews because they support Israel as a state.5
Noting the bigotry inherent in the Saudis' avowed institutionalized discriminatory practices, Foreign Minister Van Der Stoel canceled that visit. He advised the Dutch Parliament that
The government of Saudi Arabia has informed me that it will not issue an entry visa for the Netherlands journalist representing Urij Nederland Naturally, every government has the right to decide which foreigners it wishes to allow into its country. On the other hand, I want to emphasize that the government of the Netherlands utterly rejects any form of discrimination on the grounds of race or religion,6 which might form the basis for granting such an entry permit.7
That same month, a London journalist reported that, during his visit to Saudi Arabia,
My guide insists on giving me a copy of that horrifying old forgery about the Jews' plot to conquer the Arabs: The Protocol of the Elders of Zion. It turns out that all visiting journalists are given it.8
The Kingdom of Jordan
The Kingdom of Jordan also has been excluded from the table, because no Jews lived there in 1948, although the Jewish presence in the major portion of Palestine -- which is presently "Jordan" -- had existed long before the seventh-century creation of Islam. In fact, many of the Jews who had survived Muslim-led massacres in Arabia, only to be expelled in the seventh century from their lands in the Arabian Peninsula, had fled and found refuge in the large Jewish settlements of Eastern Palestine [See further discussions in Chapters 8 and 12] -- more than a thousand years before that eastern territory of mandated Palestine became perceived as a separate "kingdom" of "'Transjordan" in 1922.

"the West Bank"
Jews who had dwelt on historical Palestinian terrain both east of the Jordan River and in the area called "the West Bank" were driven out of that land's Arab-dominated towns over the past half century by sporadic pogroms and pillage, so that by the 1940s the Palestinian towns in Transjordan and the West Bank were considered "purely Arab" -- already purged of their former Jewish population. The Jews once living in the area of Palestine known as Jordan and the West Bank had become "Palestinian Jewish refugees" as the result of Arab violence. And the fact that there are Jewish "Palestinian refugees" of twentieth-century vintage is overlooked even in Israel. These refugees found safety only in the predominantly Jewish-settled areas of Palestine's coastal plain, which today is Israel. By 1948, the more than seventy-five percent of Palestine that the British had allocated to the Arabs as "Transjordan" already had been efficiently purged of all Jews, through periodic Arab onslaughts upon the various long-established Jewish communities. Despite that fact, the Jordanian government's nationality law of 1954 sought to safeguard its would-be racial purity: According to that law "Palestinian" living in Jordan was entitled to Jordanian citizenship unless he as a Jew.9

Muftism and Nazism: World War II Collaboration. Documents
(examples of original correspondence)
1) U.S. Confirms Role of Mufti as Nazi Middle East Leader
OFFICE OF U.S. CHIEF OF COUNSEL
FOR PROSECUTION OF AXIS CRIMINALITY
No. 792-PS
17 September 1945
Source of Original OKW Files, Flensburg

[Excerpt]

LEADS: CANARIS, IBN SAUD, GRAND MUFTI.

SUMMARY OF RELEVANT POINTS (with page references):

1. Only through the funds made available by Germany to the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem was it possible to carry out the revolt in Palestine. (Page 1).

2. Germany will keep up the connection with the Grand Mufti. Weapons will be stored for the Mufti with Ibn Saud in Arabia. (Page 2).

3. Ibn Saud himself has close connections with the Grand Mufti and the revolting circles in TransJordan. (Page 2).

4. To be able to carry out our work one of Germany's agents will be placed in Cairo (Page 3).

5. The document is undated but obviously written before the outbreak of the war in 1939. It is not signed.

Analyst Landmann Doc. No. 792-PS

Source:The Arab Higher Committee, Its Origins, Personnel and Purposes, The Documentary Record Submitted to The United Nations, May 1947, by Nations Associates.
2) Summons to a Intifada Against Britain
A "Fatwa " Issued by Haj Amin al-Husseini10, May, 1941*
* Translated from:-"Oriente Modemo," 1941, pp. 552-553; broadcast over the 'Iraqi and Axis radios.
In the name of Merciful and Almighty God.
I invite all my Moslem brothers throughout the whole world to join in the Holy War for God, for the defense of Islam and her lands against her enemy. O Faithful, obey and respond to my call.

O Moslems!

Proud 'Iraq has placed herself in the vanguard of this Holy Struggle, and has thrown herself against the strongest enemy of Islam certain that God will grant her victory.

The English have tried to seize this Arab-Moslem land, but she has risen, full of dignity and pride to defend her safety, to fight for her honor and to safeguard her integrity. 'Iraq fights the tyranny which has always had as its aim the destruction of Islam in every land. It is the duty of all Moslems to aid 'Iraq in her struggle and to seek every means to fight the enemy, the traditional traitor in every age and every situation.

Whoever knows the history of the East has everywhere seen the hand of the English working to destroy the Ottoman Empire and to divide the Arab countries. British politics toward the Arab people is masked under a veil of Hypocrisy. The minute she sees her chance, England squeezes the prostrate country in her Imperialist grasp, adding futile justifications. She creates discord and division within a country and while feeding it in secret openly she assumes the role of advisor and trusted hiend. The time when England could deceive the peoples of the East is passed. The Arab Nation and the Moslem people have awakened to fight British domination. The English have overthrown the Ottoman Empire, have destroyed Moslem rule in India, inciting one community against another; they stifled the Egyptian awakening, the dream of Mohammed Ali, colonizing Egypt for half a century. They took advantage of the weakening of the Ottoman Empire to stretch out their hands and use every sort of trick to take possession of many Arab countries as happened to Aden, the 9 Districts, the Hadramut, Oman, Masqat and the Emirates of the Persian Gulf and Transjordania. The vivid proof of the imperialistic designs of the British is to be found in Moslem Palestine which, although promised by England to Sheriff Hussein has had to submit to the outrageous infiltration of Jews, shameful politics designed to divide Arab-Moslem countries of Asia from those of Africa. In Palestine the English have committed unheard of barbarisms; among others, they have profaned the el-Aqsa Mosque and have declared the most unyielding war against Islam, both in deed and in word. The Prime Minister at that time told Parliament that the world would never see peace as long as the Koran existed. What hatred against Islam is stronger than that which publicly declares the Sacred Koran an enemy of human kind? Should such sacrilege go unpunished? After the dissolution of the Moslem Empire in India and of the Ottoman Caliphate, England, adhering to the policy of Gladstone, pursued her work of destruction to Islam depriving many Islamic States both in the East and in the West of their freedom and independence. The number of Moslems who today live under the rule of England and invoke liberation from their terrible yoke exceeds 220,000,000.

Therefore I invite you, O Brothers, to join in the War for God to preserve Islam, your independence and your lands from English aggression. I invite you to bring all your weight to bear in helping 'Iraq that she may throw off the shame that torments her. O Heroic 'Iraq, God is with Thee, the Arab Nation and the Moslem World are solidly with Thee in Thy Holy Struggle!

Source:The Arab War Effort-A Documentary Account The American Christian Palestine Committee (New York, n.d.).
3) The Mufti's Diary on His Meeting with Hitler


At the eve of the "final solution" to the "Jewish Problem",
the Mufti (Yasser Arafat's father's brother) and Adolf Hitler confer
in Berlin, November 21, 1941

Haj Amin al Husseini, recording in his own handwriting his meeting with Hitler in his diary, says:

The words of the Fuehrer on the 6th of Zul Qaada 1360 of the Hejira (which falls on the 21st of November 1941) Berlin, Friday, from 4:30 P.M. till a few minutes after 6. The objectives of my fight are clear. Primarily, I am fighting the Jews without respite, and this fight includes the fight against the so-called Jewish National Home in Palestine because the Jews want to establish there a central government for their own pernicious purposes, and to undertake a devastating and ruinous expansion at the expense of the govemments of the world and of other peoples.
It is clear that the Jews have accomplished nothing in Palestine and their claims are lies. All the accomplishments in Palestine are due to the Arabs and not to the Jews. I am resolved to find a solution for the Jewish problem, progressing step by step without cessation. With regard to this I am making the necessary and right appeal, first to all the European countries and then to countries outside of Europe.

It is true that our common enemies are Great Britain and the Soviets whose principles are opposed to ours. But behind them stands hidden Jewry which drives them both. Jewry has but one aim in both these countries. We are now in the midst of a life and death struggle against both these nations. This fight will not only determine the outcome of the struggle between National Socialism and Jewry, but the whole conduct of this successful war will be of great and positive help to the Arabs who are engaged in the same struggle.

This is not only an abstract assurance.* A mere promise would be of no value whatsoever. But assurance which rests upon a conquering force is the only one which has real value. In the Iraqi campaign, for instance, the sympathy of the whole German people was for Iraq. It was our aim to help Iraq, but circumstances prevented us from fumishing actual help. The German people saw in them (in the Iraqis-Ed.) comrades in suffering because the German people too have suffered as they have. All the help we gave Iraq was not sufficient to save Iraq from the British forces. For this reason it is necessary to underscore one thing: in this struggle which will decide the fate of the Arabs I can now speak as a man dedicated to an ideal and as a military leader and a soldier. Everyone united in this great struggle who helps to bring about its successful outcome, serves the common cause and thus serves the Arab cause. Any other view means weakening the military situation and thus offers no help to the Arab cause. Therefore it is necessary for us to decide the steps which can help us against world Jewry, against Communist Russia and England, and which among them can be most useful. Only if we win the war will the hour of deliverance also be the hour of fulfillment of Arab aspirations.

The situation is as follows: We are conducting the great struggle to open the way to the North of the Caucasus. The difficulties involved are more than transportation because of the demolished railways and roads and because of winter weather. And if I venture in these circumstances to issue a declaration with regard to Syria, then the pro-de Gaulle elements in France will be strengthened and this might cause a revolt in France. These men (the French) will be convinced then that joining Britain is more advantageous and the detachment of Syria is a pattern to be followed in the remainder of the French Empire. This will strengthen de Gaulle's stand in the colonies. If the declaration is issued now, difficulties will arise in Western Europe which will cause the diversion of some (German-Ed.) forces for defensive purposes, thus preventing us from sending all our forces to the East.

Now I am going to tell you something I would like you to keep secret. First, I will keep up my fight until the complete destruction of the Judeo-Bolshevik rule has been accomplished.

Second, during the struggle (and we don't know when victory will come, but probably not in the far future) we will reach the Southern Caucasus.

Third, then I would like to issue a declaration; for then the hour of the liberation of the Arabs will have arrived. Germany has no ambitions in this area but cares only to annihilate the power which produces the Jews.

Fourth, I am happy that you have escaped and that you are now with the Axis powers. The hour will strike when you will be the lord of the supreme word and not only the conveyer of our declarations. You will be the man to direct the Arab force and at that moment I cannot imagine what would happen to the Western peoples.

Fifth, I think that with this Arab advance begins the dismemberment of the British world. The road from Rostov to Iran and Iraq is shorter than the distance from Berlin to Rostov. We hope next year to smash this barrier. It is better then and not now that a declaration should be issued as (now) we cannot help in anything.

I understand the Arab desire for this (declaration-Ed.), but His Excellency the Mufti must understand that only five years after I became President of the German government and Fuehrer of the German people, was I able to get such a declaration (the Austrian Union-Ed.), and this because military forces prevented me from issuing such a declaration. But when the German Panzer tanks and the German air squadrons reach the Southern Caucasus, then will be the time to issue the declaration.

He said (in reply to a request that a secret declaration or a treaty be made) that a declaration known to a number of persons cannot remain secret but will become public. I (Hitler) have made very few declarations in my life, unlike the British who have made many declarations. If I issue a declaration, I will uphold it. Once I promised the Finnish Marshal that I would help his country if the enemy attacks again. This word of mine made a stronger impression than any written declaration.

Recapitulating, I want to state the following to you: When we shall have arrived in the Southern Caucasus, then the time of the liberation of the Arabs will have arrived. And you can rely on my word.

We were troubled about you. I know your life history. I followed with interest your long and dangerous journey. I was very concerned about you. I am happy that you are with us now and that you are now in a position to add your strength to the common cause.


*This is a reply to the insistent request of the Multi for an Axis declaration to the Arabs.

Source: The Arab Higher Committee .... The Documentary Record.


4) Ribbentrop Promises Mufti to Destroy Jewish National Home

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Berlin, April 28, 1942
Your Eminence:

In response to your letter and to the accompanying communication of His Excellency, Prime Minister Raschid Ali El Gailani, and confirming the terms of our conversation, I have the honour to inform you:

The German Government appreciates fully the confidence of the Arab peoples in the Axis Powers in their aims and in their determination to conduct the fight against the common enemy until victory is achieved. The German Government has the greatest understanding for the national aspirations of the Arab countries as have been expressed by you both and the greatest sympathy for the sufferings of your peoples under British oppression.

I have therefore the honour to assure you, in complete agreement with the Italian Government, that the independence and freedom of the suffering Arab countries presently subjected to British oppression, is also one of the aims of the German Government.

Germany is consequently ready to give all her support to the oppressed Arab countries in their fight against British domination, for the fulfillment of their national aim to independence and sovereignty and for the destruction of the Jewish National Home in Palestine.

As previously agreed, the content of this letter should be maintained absolutely secret until we decide otherwise.

I beg your Eminence to be assured of my highest esteem and consideration.
To His Eminence (Signed) Ribbentrop

the Grossmufti of Palestine
Amin El Husseini.

Source: The Arab Higher Committee The Documentary Record. Original German, p. 439.

5) The Mufti Asks Arab Americans Not to Support FDR
ADDRESS TO AMERICAN ARABS
Excerpts from a Radio Speech by Haj Amin al-Husseini
March 19, 1943, in Rome

The Arabs and Moslems will not be deceived by Britain once again because not only have they known its true intentions but they have also known those of Britain's allies-America-and I want to draw the attention of the Arab emigrants in America to this fact, reminding them of their glorious past when they supported the National movement. I would also like to remind them that their efforts will be wasted if, God forbid, America and her Allies may be victorious in this War because at such a time the Arabs will never rise again. I therefore know that those Arab emigrants in America will refrain from helping Roosevelt or taking part in a war which he brought on to his country.
If those Allies win this war the Jewish influence will be the arbiter in the world resources and one can thus imagine the future of the Arabs and Moslems, and the dangers which they are exposed to in their fatherlands and beliefs if the Jews and their Allies dominate them and spread the latent hatred on to them.

Then the world will become Hell--God forbid: But Allah is too just and merciful to grant such murderous violators any victory. We are sure that victory will be ours and that of our friends. We have not the slightest doubt about that, we shall not slacken our struggle nor will we be deterred or quietened. Do not be deceived by the allegations of your enemies, because you know full well about their intrigues, and be sure that the nation which fights, sacrifices and awaits will be the victorious one in the end.

Source: The Arab War Effort, A Documented Account.
6) Himmler to The Mufti

November 2, 1943, message from Heinrich Himmler to an anti-Balfour Declaration meeting:

To the Grand Mufti:
The National Socialist Movement of Greater Germany has, since its begining, inscribed upon its flag the fight against world Jewry. It has, therefore, followed with particular sympathy the struggle of the freedom-loving Arabians, especially in Palestine, against the Jewish interlopers. It is in the recognition of this enemy and of the common struggle against him that lies the firm foundation of the natural alliance that exists between National-Socialist-Greater Germany and the freedom-loving Moslems of the whole world. In this spirit I am sending you on the anniversary of the infamous Balfour Declaration my hearty greetings and wishes for the successful pursuit of your struggle until the certain final victory.

Signed: Reichsfuehrer-S.S. Heinrich Himmler

Source: Tne Arab Higher Committee The Documentary Record.

7) The Mufti Communicates Anger to Ribbentrop
for the Germans' Release of Jews in 1944

Berlin July 25, 1944
To His Excellency
The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Berlin
Your Excellency:

I have previously called the attention of your Excellency to the constant attempts of the Jews to emigrate from Europe in order to reach Palestine, and asked your Excellency to undertake the necessary steps so as to prevent the Jews from emigrating. I had also sent you a letter, under date of June 5, 1944, in regard to the plan for an exchange of Egyptians living in Germany with Palestinian Germans, in which I asked you to exclude the Jews from this plan of exchange. I have, however, learned that the Jews did depart on July 2, 1944, and I am afraid that further groups of Jews will leave for Palestine from Germany and France to be exchanged for Palestinian Germans.

This exchange on the part of the Germans would encourage the Balkan countries likewise to send their Jews to Palestine. This step would be incomprehensible to the Arabs and Moslems after your Excellency's declaration of November 2, 1943 that "the destruction of the so-called Jewish national home in Palestine is an immutable part of the policy of the greater German Reich" and it would create in them a feeling of keen disappointment.

It is for this reason that I ask your Excellency to do all that is necessary to prohibit the emigration of Jews to Palestine, and in this way your Excellency would give a new practical example of the policy of the naturally allied and friendly Germany towards the Arab Nation.

Yours, etc.

Source: The Arab Committee .... The Documentary Record.

Mufti Asks Hungary to Send Jews to Poland
An a Sequel to This Request
400,000 Jews Were Subsequently Killed

Rome
June 28, 1943
His Excellency
The Miniater of Foreign Affairs for Hungary

Your Excellency:

You no doubt know of the struggle between the Arabs and Jews of Palestine, that It has been and what it Is, a long and bloody fight, brought about by the desire of the Jews to create a national home, a Jewish State in the Near East, with the help and protection of England and the United States. In fact, behind it lies the hope which the Jews have never relinquished, namely, the domination of the whole world through this Important, strategic center, Palestine, In effect their program has, among other purposes, always aimed at the encouragement of Jewish migration to Palestine and the other countries of the Near East. However, the war, as well as the understanding which the members of the Three-Power Pact have of the responsibility of the Jews for its outbreak and finally their evil Intentions towards these countries which protected them until now - all these are reasons for placing them under such vigilant control an will definitely stop their emigration to Palestine or elsewhere.

Lately I have been informed of the uninterrupted efforts made by the English and the Jews to obtain permission for the Jews living in your country to leave for Palestine via Bulgaria and Turkey.

I have also learned that these negotiations were successful since some of the Jews of Hungary have had the satisfaction of emigrating to Palestine via Bulgaria and Turkey and that a group of these Jaws arrived In Palestine towards the end of last March. The Jewish Agency. which supervises the execution of the Jewish program, has published a bulletin which contains Important information on the current negotiations between the Uglish Goverment and the governments of other interested states to send the Jews of Balkan countries to Palestine. The Jewish Agency quoted, among other things, its receipt of a sufficient number of immigration certificates for 900 Jewish children to be transported from Hungary, accompanied by 100 adults.

To authorize these Jews to leave your country under the above circumstances and in this way, would by no means solve the Jewish problem and would certainly not protect your country against their evil influence - far from it! - for this escape would make It possible for them to communicate and combine freely with their racial brethren in enamy countries in order to strengthen their position and to exert a more dangerous influence on the outcome of the war, especially since, as a consequence of their long stay in your country. they are necessarily in a position to know many of your secrets and also about your war effort. All this comes on top of the terrible damage done to the friendly Arab nation which has taken its place at your side in this war and which cherishes for your country the most sincere feelings and the very best wishes.

This is the reason why I ask your excellency to permit me to draw your attention to the necessity of preventing the Jews from leaving your country for Palestine: and If there are reasons which make their removal necessary, it would be indispensable and Infinitely preferable to send them to other countries where they would find themselves under active control, for example, in Poland, in order thereby to protect oneself from their menace and avoid the consequent damages

Yours, etc.

Source: The Arab Higher Committee. Its Origins, Personnel and Purposes. Documentary Record Submitted to the United Nations, May 1947, by the Nation Associates.



Hungary Promises to End Jewish Problem





Source: The Arab Higher Committee. Its Origins, Personnel and Purposes. Documentary Record Submitted to the United Nations, May 1947, by the Nation Associates.

---

1. Scanned in from the PLO Daily "Intifada" December 14, 2000, by Palestine Media Watch

2. The Standard Jewish Encyclopedia, 1959

3. Current population estimates compiled from the American Jewish Yearbook, 1983 edition, George Gruen, editor, published in New York by the American Jewish Committee; Government of Israel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem, 1983 figures. Figures for 1948 compiled from the World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries (WOJAC); Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, "The Position of the Jewish Communities in Oriental Countries," a memorandum submitted by the Jewish Agency; Hayyirn Cohen, The Jews of the Middle East, 1973, Halsted Press, New York.

4. Medina, Khaibar, Qaraiza; see Chapter 8.

5. March 6, 1975, Rashad Nowilaty, Saudi Arabian Ambassador to The Hague.

6. America established its own precedent in 1885. President Grover Cleveland's choice for United States representative in Vienna, Anthony Keiley of Virginia, was turned down because, "the position of a foreign envoy wedded to a Jewess by civil marriage would be untenable and even impossible in Vienna," May 1885, Foreign Relations, p. 48. When the Secretary of State objected to "infraction" of an "essential principle" -never to "inquire into" or "even hear testimony ... upon the religious belief of any official," the Austrian government found a different reason for its objection: an ostensible "want of political tact" exhibited by appointee Keiley on an earlier visit to Vienna. Ibid, p. 55. President Cleveland resolved the matter in his address to the United States Congress on December 8, 1885: ". . . The Government of Austria-Hungary invited this Government to take cognizance of certain exceptions, based upon allegations against the personal acceptability of Mr. Keiley, the appointed envoy, asking that in view thereof, the appointment should be withdrawn. The reasons advanced were such as could not be acquiesced in, without violation of my oath of office and the precepts of the Constitution since they necessarily involved a limitation in favor of a foreign government upon the right of selection by the Executive, and required such an application of a religious test as a qualification for office under the United States as would have resulted in the practical disfranchisement of a large class of our citizens and the abandonment of a vital principle in our Government.... I have made no new nomination, and the interests of this Government in Vienna are now in the care of the secretary of legation, acting as charge d'affaires ad interim."

7. Statement by Max Van Der Stoel, Dutch Foreign Minister to the Dutch Parliament, The Hague, March 12, 1975, regarding cancellation of official visit to Saudi Arabia.

8. Reported by Anthony Sampson, Observer Review, "Desert Diary," March 9, 1975, London.

9.Jordanian Nationality Law, Article 3(3) of Law No. 6 of 1954, Official Gazette No. 1171, February 16, 1954.

10. The Mufi of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini was later the notorious Nazi who mixed Nazi propaganda and Islam. He was wanted for war crimes in Bosnia by Yugoslavia. His mix of militant propagandizing Islam was an inspriation for both Yasser Arafat and Saddam Husein. He was also a close relative of Yasser Arafat and the current Temple Mount Mufti. "Arafat's actual name was Abd al-Rahman abd al-Bauf Arafat al-Qud al-Husseini. He shortened it to obscure his kinship with the notorious Nazi and ex-Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Muhammed Amin al-Husseini." Howard M. Sachar, A HISTORY OF ISRAEL (New York: Knopf, 1976). The Bet Agron International Center in Jerusalem interviewed Arafat's brother and sister, who described the Mufti as a cousin (family member) with tremendous influence on young Yassir after the Mufti returned from Berlin to Cairo. Yasser Arafat himself keeps his exact lineage and birthplace secret. Saddam Hussein was raised in the house of his uncle Khayrallah Tulfah, who was a leader in the Mufti's pro-Nazi coup in Iraq in May 1941.

This page was produced by Joseph E. Katz
Middle Eastern Political and Religious History Analyst
Brooklyn, New York
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Week VII. {Topics}{Personalities}{Readings}{Multimedia}

Depression, World War II and the Cold War
TOPICS >>>
Scottsboro Boys Trial, 1930s
Black labor organizing, 1930s
Black segregated units in World War II
Blacks in Communist Party USA
Marian Anderson; impact of Roosevelt agencies, NRA, WPA, TVA
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Harlem Congressman
Henry Lee Moon, The Balance of Power (1948)
Election of 1948: Dewey vs. Truman
Du Bois's interest in Socialism, 1904-1940s; visits Soviet Union in 1926,
1936 and in 1949. Advocates welfare state socialism similar to Sweden
Impact of the Cold War and McCarthyism in Black America, 1946-1950s


The Great Depression, 1929-1941:
Unemployed workers, malnutrition, poverty widespread; growth of
Communist Party; rent strikes; organizing the unemployed;
Unemployed Councils of the US; Socialist Party creates the Workers Alliance of America
Herbert Hoover administration, 1929-1933
John J. Parker, North Carolina Judge, 1930, Supreme Court controversy
Scottsboro Boys Case, Alabama, 1931
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal


Black Cabinet:
Robert C. Weaver, William Hastie, Mary McLeod Bethune
A. Philip Randolph, Ralph Bunche, others establish the National ***** Congress in Chicago, 1935


Influence of Paul Robeson:
***** March on Washington Movement, 1941
Fair Employment Practices Committee, 1941
Major advances for African-Americans in organized labor, 1940s


NAACP Legal Defense Fund:
Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall
Guinn v. US 1915-- outlawing grandfather clause legislation
Norris v. Alabama, 1935-- outlawed the exclusion of blacks from state juries
Morgan v. Virginia, 1946-- outlawed segregation on interstate buses,
transportation
Smith vs. Alwright, 1944-- outlawed the whites-only Democratic Primary
Debate within the NAACP over the issue of racial segregation--
Du Bois vs. Walter White, 1934; Du Bois resigns from the NAACP, 1934
Du Bois rejoins NAACP in 1944; he is fired from NAACP in 1948 election
partially because of his support for Henry Wallace over Truman


National ***** Labor Council:
Cleveland Robinson, William Hood,
Coleman Young, Ewart Guinier. Robeson and Du Bois, 1951-1955



PERSONALITIES >>>
Paul Robeson
Walter White
W.E.B. Du Bois
Mary McLeod Bethune
Charles Hamilton Houston
Jackie Robinson
Joe Louis
Philip Randolph
George Padmore
Benjamin Davis (black Communist leader, not the general with the same name)


Philip Randolph, The Messenger 1917-1925, militant socialist newspaper

Chandler Owen, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters-1925 first black union to win official contract with white company-1937

Cyril V. Briggs, African Blood Brotherhood



READINGS >>>
Giddings, When and Where I Enter, Chapters XII, XIII and XIV, pp. 199-258.

Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion Chapter II, "The Cold War in Black America, 1945-1954," pp. 13-39.

Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, Chapter II, "Standing for Justice: Mississippi and the Till Case," pp. 37-57.

Marable and Mullings, eds., Let Nobody Turn Us Around, Section Three, Numbers 9-21, pp. 295-364.



MULTIMEDIA >>>
Music:
Marian Anderson - "Schubert's Ave Maria"
Mahalia Jackson - "Take My Hand Precious Lord"
Mahalia Jackson - "Trouble of the World"
Billie Holiday - "Strange Fruit"
Paul Robeson - "Ole Man River"
Paul Robeson - "Swing Low, Seet Chariot"

Films:
Clip of Marian Anderson singing at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C., 1939
Historical clips on black life during the Great Depression
Clips from film, Tuskegee Airman
Historical film on Paul Robeson, A. Philip Randolph, Mary McLeod Bethune




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