Science!!!!!?

Question

Discuss the role of the circulatory systems during exercise

Answer 1

... is to pump the blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and to release carbon dioxide and other gasses, and then to pump that same blood to the muscles to provide oxygen to the muscles and to collect waste gasses like carbon dioxide, and other waste products like lactic acid, which is then partially pumped through the alimentary system, to pick up calorie-containing chemicals like sugars, including glucose and galactose and lactose, and then the blood goes through the liver to help remove waste products like lactic acid, and convert it to glucose to be reabsorbed, and pumped back out to the muscles.

Answer 2

The circulatory system (scientifically known as the cardiovascular system) is an organ system that moves substances to and from cells; it can also help stabilize body temperature and pH (part of homeostasis). There are three types of circulatory systems (from simplest to most complex): no circulatory system, open circulatory system, and closed circulatory system.

Open circulatory system
An open circulatory system is an arrangement of internal transport present in some invertebrates like simple molluscs and arthropods in which circulatory fluid in a cavity called the hemocoel (also spelled haemocoel) bathes the organs directly and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph / haemolymph. Muscular movements by the animal during locomotion can facilitate hemolymph movement, but diverting flow from one area to another is limited. When the heart relaxes, blood is drawn back toward the heart through open-ended pores.

Hemolymph fills all of the interior hemocoel of the body and surrounds all cells. Hemolymph is composed of water, inorganic salts (mostly Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+), and organic compounds (mostly carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids). The primary oxygen transporter molecule is hemocyanin.

There are free-floating cells then, the hemocytes, within the hemolymph. They play a role in the arthropod immune system.


No circulatory system
Circulatory systems are absent in some animals. An example is flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes). Their body cavity has no lining or fluid. They have a muscular pharynx leading to a digestive system. Digested materials can be diffused to all the cells of the flat worm due to an extensively branched digestive system and being flattened dorso-ventrally. Oxygen can diffuse from water into the cells of the flatworm. Consequently every cell is able to obtain nutrients, water and oxygen without the need of a transport system.


Measurement techniques
Electrocardiogram
Sphygmomanometer
Pulse meter
Stethoscope
Pulse

Health and disease
Main article: Cardiovascular disease
Main article: Congenital heart defect

History of discovery
The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BC. However their function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries look empty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air.

Herophilus distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves. Erasistratus observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood.

The 2nd century AD Greek physician, Galen knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves.

Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled.

In 1242 the Arab scholar Ibn Nafis became the first person to accurately describe the process of blood circulation in the human body. Contemporary drawings of this process have survived. In 1552, Michael Servetus described the same, and Realdo Colombo proved the concept, but it remained largely unknown in Europe.

Finally William Harvey, a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius (who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function), performed a sequence of experiments and announced in 1628 the discovery of the human circulatory system as his own and published an influential book about it. This work with its essentially correct exposition slowly convinced the medical world. Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; these were later described by Marcello Malpighi.phosphorous nuclear magnetic resonance, we have previously demonstrated that patients with heart failure often exhibit abnormal forearm muscle metabolism during forearm exercise. To determine if this altered metabolism is due to reduced muscle flow, we measured forearm blood flow with plethysmography and forearm muscle inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatine (PCr), and pH with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at rest and during mild forearm exercise (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 W) in 21 men with heart failure and in 12 age-matched normal male subjects. The Pi/PCr ratio was correlated with power output and the slope of this relationship was used as an index of forearm metabolism. At rest, both groups had similar Pi/PCr ratios (normal subjects 0.11 +/- 0.05; patients with heart failure 0.11 +/- 0.03; p = NS) and forearm blood flows (normal subjects 2.9 +/- 1.4 ml/min/100 ml; patients with heart failure 2.6 +/- 1.2 ml/min/100 ml; p = NS). In both groups, exercise resulted in a progressive increase in both Pi/PCr and forearm blood flow as power output increased. However, the patients exhibited a steeper slope of the Pi/PCr-to-power output relationship than did the normal subjects (normal subjects 1.4 +/- 0.6 Pi/PCr U/W; patients with heart failure 3.0 +/- 2.4 Pi/PCr U/W; p less than .03). In contrast, forearm blood flow was similar in both groups during exercise (at 0.2 W, 6.3 +/- 3.3 and 6.8 +/- 3.2 ml/min/100 ml in normal subjects and patients with heart failure, respectively; at 0.4 W, 8.7 +/- 6.5 and 8.3 +/- 3.3; at 0.6 W, 12.8 +/- 7.9 and 12.0 +/- 4.6; all p = NS). Nine of the 21 patients with heart failure had slopes of the Pi/PCr-to-power output relationship above the normal range. These nine patients also had forearm blood flows comparable to flows observed in the normal subjects. These data indicate that forearm muscle metabolism during forearm exercise is altered in a subpopulation of patients with heart failure. This metabolic alteration does not appear to be due to decreased muscle blood flow, suggesting that other mechanisms, such as alterations in mitochondrial population or substrate utilization, may be responsible.