What is De-oxyribonucleic acid, nitrogenous bases, Phosphodiester bonds,and hydrogen bonds?

Question

Guys plz answer me by tonight!!!!

Answer 1

Hi!!
Here are your answers:
1) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms. All living things contain DNA genomes. A possible exception is a group of viruses that have RNA genomes, but viruses are not normally considered living organisms. The main role of DNA in the cell is the long-term storage of information. The genome is often compared to a set of blueprints, since it contains the instructions to construct other components of the cell, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the expression of genetic information.
Refer to the below link for more details: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna
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2) Nitrogenous bases are the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom. Typical nitrogenous bases are ammonia (NH3), triethylamine, pyridine, and the nucleobases adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil. Nitrogenous bases can be classified under two groups: purines (A and G) and pyrimidines (C, T, and U). These bases make up a crucial part of both deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides, and the interactions between Adenine/Thymine and Guanine/Cytosine are the basis for the universal genetic code. Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA. For the structure and list of purines see this link: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5d/Purines.png For the structure and list of pyrimidines see this link: Chemical structure of thymine Chemical structure of uracil Chemical structure of cytosine Thymine Uracil Cytosine
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3) A phosphodiester bond is a group of strong covalent bonds between the phosphorus atom in a phosphate group and two other molecules over two ester bonds. Phosphodiester bonds are central to all life on Earth, as they make up the backbone of the strands of DNA. In DNA and RNA, the phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3' carbon atom and the 5' Carbon of the ribose sugar.

The phosphate groups in the phosphodiester bond are very negatively-charged. Because the phosphate groups are so negatively-charged, there is a large repulsion, which forces the phosphates to take opposite sides of the DNA strands.

In order for the phosphodiester bond to be formed and the nucleotides to be joined, the tri-phosphate or di-phosphate forms of the nucleotide building blocks are broken apart to give off energy required to drive the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. When a single phosphate or two phosphates known as pyrophosphates break away and catalyze the reaction, the phosphodiester bond is formed.

Hydrolysis of Phosphodiester bonds can be catalyzed by the action of phosphodiesterases which play an important role in repairing DNA sequences.

In biological systems, the phosphodiester bond between two ribonucleotides can be broken by alkaline hydrolysis because of the free 2' hydroxyl group.

Refer to the below link for more details:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester_bond
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4) A hydrogen bond is a special type of attractive interaction (perhaps a variation of a dipole-dipole bond) that exists between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom. This type of bond always involves a hydrogen atom, thus the name. Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules (intermolecularly), or within different parts of a single molecule (intramolecularly).[1] The typical hydrogen bond is stronger than van der Waals forces, but weaker than covalent or ionic bonds.

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 °C), as opposed to other group 16 hydrides. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is also responsible for the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins and nucleic acids.

Refer to the below link for more details:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bonds

I hope this helps!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Answer 2

Hey, are you aware there is something called Google? Wikipedia? No? Ok, deoxyribonucleic acid is DNA, the macromolecule that stores genetic information, nitrogenous bases are the main monomers that form DNA, phosphodiester bonds are the bonds that bind the DNA "backbone" together, and hydrogen bonds are weak electrical attractions between hydrogen molecules, which hold the DNA molecule together in the center creating the appearance of a ladder.

Answer 3

Oxy Ribonucleic Acid