can you help me with my history essay? It is about the work of Edward Jenner.?

Question

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Answer 1

Edward Jenner is alongside the likes of Joseph Lister, Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur in medical history. Edward Jenner was born in 1749 and died in 1823. Edward Jenner’s great gift to the world was his vaccination for smallpox. This disease was greatly feared at the time as it killed one in three of those who caught it and badly disfigured those who were lucky enough to survive catching it.



Edward Jenner was a country doctor who had studied nature and his natural surroundings since childhood. He had always been fascinated by the rural old wives tale that milkmaids could not get smallpox. He believed that there was a connection between the fact that milkmaids only got a weak version of smallpox – the non-life threatening cowpox – but did not get smallpox itself. A milkmaid who caught cowpox got blisters on her hands and Jenner concluded that it must be the pus in the blisters that somehow protected the milkmaids.

Jenner decided to try out a theory he had developed. A young boy called James Phipps would be his guinea pig. He took some pus from cowpox blisters found on the hand of a milkmaid called Sarah. She had milked a cow called Blossom and had developed the tell-tale blisters. Jenner ‘injected’ some of the pus into James. This process he repeated over a number of days gradually increasing the amount of pus he put into the boy. He then deliberately injected Phipps with smallpox. James became ill but after a few days made a full recovery with no side effects

Sadly, Edward Jenner's family life was marred by illnesses. He had married Catherine Kingscote in 1788, when he was 39 and she 27. She had borne him three children: Edward (1789), Catherine (1794) and Robert Fitzhardinge (1797). His daughter married but did not produce a grandson for him until after his death. His son Robert remained unmarried. His other son, Edward, died of tuberculosis in 1810, aged 21.

His wife, Catherine, had never been strong and her health was a constant worry to her family and friends. Back in 1790 the great John Hunter had written from London enquiring about her condition. On 13 September 1815 she too succumbed to tuberculosis.



1815 to 1823
To ease his depression he returned to past interests: fossil collecting, his home and his garden received much attention. He had both a kitchen garden and an ornamental area. The latest varieties always attracted him. He imported vegetable seeds from Italy and Spain. He became expert at propagating fruit bushes such as gooseberries, raspberries and figs. In 1818 he introduced young grapevines from the famous stock at Hampton Court. The previous year he had built an extension for them onto his hothouse at the rear of the main house. Nearly two centuries on, those same Black Hamburg vines annually produce fruit for sale to visitors.

Through his later years Edward Jenner was an active Freemason and magistrate. The plight of the poor and the rising level of crime troubled him. He blamed some of the latter problem on the influx of navvies to dig the Berkeley to Gloucester Canal in 1815

Answer 2

Edward Jenner is alongside the likes of Joseph Lister, Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur in medical history. Edward Jenner was born in 1749 and died in 1823. Edward Jenner’s great gift to the world was his vaccination for smallpox. This disease was greatly feared at the time as it killed one in three of those who caught it and badly disfigured those who were lucky enough to survive catching it.



Edward Jenner was a country doctor who had studied nature and his natural surroundings since childhood. He had always been fascinated by the rural old wives tale that milkmaids could not get smallpox. He believed that there was a connection between the fact that milkmaids only got a weak version of smallpox – the non-life threatening cowpox – but did not get smallpox itself. A milkmaid who caught cowpox got blisters on her hands and Jenner concluded that it must be the pus in the blisters that somehow protected the milkmaids.

Jenner decided to try out a theory he had developed. A young boy called James Phipps would be his guinea pig. He took some pus from cowpox blisters found on the hand of a milkmaid called Sarah. She had milked a cow called Blossom and had developed the tell-tale blisters. Jenner ‘injected’ some of the pus into James. This process he repeated over a number of days gradually increasing the amount of pus he put into the boy. He then deliberately injected Phipps with smallpox. James became ill but after a few days made a full recovery with no side effects. It seemed that Jenner had made a brilliant discovery.

He then encountered the prejudices and conservatism of the medical world that dominated London. They could not accept that a country doctor had made such an important discovery and Jenner was publicly humiliated when he brought his findings to London. However, what he had discovered could not be denied and eventually his discovery had to be accepted – a discovery that was to change the world.

So successful was Jenner's discovery, that in 1840 the government of the day banned any other treatment for smallpox other than Jenner's.

Jenner did not patent his discovery as it would have made the vaccination more expensive and out of the reach of many. It was his gift to the world. A small museum now exists in his home town. It was felt that this was appropriate for a man who shunned the limelight and London. In the museum are the horns of Blossom the cow. The word vaccination comes from the Latin ‘vacca’ which means cow – in honour of the part played by Blossom and Sarah in Jenner’s research. A more formal statue of Jenner is tucked away in one of the more quiet areas of Hyde Park in London.

As a young man, Jenner also wrote about what he had seen cuckoos doing. His were the first written records to describe a baby cuckoo pushing the eggs and the young of its host out of the nest so that the baby cuckoo was the only one to receive food from its foster parents. This was only confirmed many years later but it stands as a testament to the importance of the countryside for Jenner. If he had gone to a city to further his career, would he had been in the right environment to make his famous discovery? In 1980, the World Health Organisation declared that smallpox was extinct throughout the world.

The impact of Jenner's vaccination can be seen in its impact in London in 1844:

Smallpox was a major killer before Edward Jenner's vaccination that was to change medical history. Whilst Jenner’s vaccinatioon did not eradicate smallpox, it had a marked impact on fatality rates in large and dirty cities such as London.

Smallpox casualties in London in 1844:

Year old
Died
Years old
Died
Years old
Died
Years old
Died

0 to 1
1885
10
226
40
43
75
4

1
1524
15
226
45
22
80
10

2
1197
20
240
50
13
85
1

3
569
25
148
55
10
90
0

4
629
30
98
60
19
95
1

5
1122
35
75
70
10
Age not known
6


Though these figures appear high – 8048 for the year – they were a sign of the way the fight against smallpox was going. However, as medical treatment was far too expensive for the poor (and it would be the poor who lived in the least hygienic areas) it would be many more years before smallpox was finally eradicated from Britain. The irony is that Jenner gave his cure to the world for free rather than patent it for himself, though doctors could charge their patients for services rendered.

Answer 3

Information for Edward Jenner :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner

Answer 4

Edward Jenner (1749 - 1823)


Edward Jenner © Jenner was an English doctor, the pioneer of smallpox vaccination and the father of immunology.

Edward Jenner was born in Berkeley, Gloucestershire on 18 May 1749, the son of the local vicar. At the age of 14, he was apprenticed to a local surgeon and then trained in London. In 1772, he returned to Berkeley and spent most the rest of his career as a doctor in his native town.

In 1796 he carried out his now famous experiment on eight-year-old James Phipps. Jenner inserted pus taken from a cowpox pustule and inserted it into an incision on the boy's arm. He was testing his theory, drawn from the folklore of the countryside, that milkmaids who suffered the mild disease of cowpox never contracted smallpox, one of the greatest killers of the period, particularly amongst children. Jenner subsequently proved that having been inoculated with cowpox Phipps was immune to smallpox. He submitted a paper to the Royal Society in 1797 describing his experiment but was told that his ideas were too revolutionary and that he needed more proof. Undaunted, Jenner experimented on several other children, including his own 11-month-old son. In 1798 the results were finally published and Jenner coined the word vaccine from the Latin 'vacca' for cow.

Jenner was widely ridiculed. Critics, especially the clergy, claimed it was repulsive and ungodly to inoculate someone with material from a diseased animal. A satirical cartoon of 1802 showed people who had been vaccinated sprouting cow's heads. However the obvious advantages of vaccination and the protection it provided won out, and vaccination soon became widespread. Jenner became famous and now spent much of his time researching and advising on developments in his vaccine. Jenner carried out research in a number of other areas of medicine and was also keen on fossil collecting and horticulture. He died on 26 January 1823.

In the eighteenth century, before Jenner, smallpox was a killer disease, as widespread as cancer or heart disease in the twentieth century but with the difference that the majority of its victims were infants and young children. In 1980, as a result of Jenner's discovery, the World Health Assembly officially declared "the world and its peoples" free from endemic smallpox.

Answer 5

In the event it's a fruit they have seeds, otherwise it's a vegetable. And vegetables are usually grown in the ground while fruits are grown in trees.

Answer 6

I thnk he vaccinated King George 3rd or 4ths children with his new vaccine,he was persuaded to do so by his wife Queen Charlotte

Answer 7

No, sorry. But it should be easy for you to research on this.