meterology?

Question

How is it possible to drink coffee that is too hot to hold?

Answer 1

Meteorology
A discipline involving the study of the atmosphere and its phenomena. Meteorology and climatology are rooted in different parent disciplines, the former in physics and the latter in physical geography. They have, in effect, become interwoven to form a single discipline known as the atmospheric sciences, which is devoted to the understanding and prediction of the evolution of planetary atmospheres and the broad range of phenomena that occur within them. The atmospheric sciences comprise a number of interrelated subdisciplines. See also Climatology.

Atmospheric dynamics (or dynamic meteorology) is concerned with the analysis and interpretation of the three-dimensional, time-varying, macroscale motion field. It is a branch of fluid dynamics, specialized to deal with atmospheric motion systems on scales ranging from the dimensions of clouds up to the scale of the planet itself. The activity within dynamic meteorology that is focused on the description and interpretation of large-scale (greater than 1000 km or 600 mi) tropospheric motion systems such as extratropical cyclones has traditionally been referred to as synoptic meteorology, and that devoted to mesoscale (10–1000 km or 6–600 mi) weather systems such as severe thunderstorm complexes is referred to as mesometeorology. Both synoptic meteorology and mesometeorology are concerned with phenomena of interest in weather forecasting, the former on the day-to-day time scale and the latter on the time scale of minutes to hours. See also Dynamic meteorology; Mesometeorology.

The complementary field of atmospheric physics (or physical meteorology) is concerned with a wide range of processes that are capable of altering the physical properties and the chemical composition of air parcels as they move through the atmosphere. It may be viewed as a branch of physics or chemistry, specializing in processes that are of particular importance within planetary atmospheres. Overlapping subfields within atmospheric physics include cloud physics, which is concerned with the origins, morphology, growth, electrification, and the optical and chemical properties of the droplets within clouds; radiative transfer, which is concerned with the absorption, emission, and scattering of solar and terrestrial radiation by aerosols and radiatively active trace gases within planetary atmospheres; atmospheric chemistry, which deals with a wide range of gas-phase and heterogeneous (that is, involving aerosols or cloud droplets) chemical and photochemical reactions on space scales ranging from individual smokestacks to the global ozone layer; and boundary-layer meteorology or micrometeorology, which is concerned with the vertical transfer of water vapor and other trace constituents, as well as heat and momentum across the interface between the atmosphere and the underlying surfaces and their redistribution within the lowest kilometer of the atmosphere by motions on scales too small to resolve explicitly in global models. Aeronomy is concerned with physical processes in the upper atmosphere (above the 50-km or 30-mi level). See also Aeronomy; Atmospheric chemistry; Atmospheric electricity; Atmospheric general circulation; Atmospheric waves, upper synoptic; Cloud physics; Meteorological optics; Micrometeorology; Radiative transfer.

Although atmospheric dynamics and atmospheric physics in some circumstances can be successfully pursued as separate disciplines, important problems such as the development of numerical weather prediction models and the understanding of the global climate system require a synthesis. Physical processes such as radiative transfer and the condensation of water vapor onto cloud droplets are ultimately responsible for the temperature gradients that drive atmospheric motions, and the motion field, in turn, determines the evolving, three-dimensional setting in which the physical processes take place.

The atmospheric sciences cannot be completely isolated from related disciplines. On time scales longer than a month, the evolution of the state of the atmosphere is influenced by dynamic and thermodynamic interactions with the other elements of the climate system, that is, the oceans, the cryosphere, and the terrestrial biosphere. A notable example is the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, in which changes in the distribution of surface winds force anomalous ocean currents; the currents can alter the distribution of sea-surface temperature, which in turn can alter the distribution of tropical rainfall, thereby inducing further changes in the surface wind field. On a time scale of decades or longer, the cycling of chemical species such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur between these same global reservoirs also influences the evolution of the climate system. Human activities represent an increasingly significant atmospheric source of some of the radiatively active trace gases that play a role in regulating the temperature of the Earth. See also Biosphere; Maritime meteorology; Tropical meteorology.

Throughout the atmospheric sciences, prediction is a unifying theme that sets the direction for research and technological development. Prediction on the time scale of minutes to hours is concerned with severe weather events such as tornadoes, hail, and flash floods, which are manifestations of intense mesoscale weather systems, and with urban air-pollution episodes; day-to-day prediction is usually concerned with the more ordinary weather events and changes that attend the passage of synoptic-scale weather systems such as extratropical cyclones; and seasonal prediction is concerned with regional climate anomalies such as drought or recurrent and persistent cold air outbreaks. Prediction on still longer time scales involves issues such as the impact of human activity on the temperature of the Earth, regional climate, the ozone layer, and the chemical makeup of precipitation. See also Climate modeling; Drought; Hail; Tornado.

The evolution of the atmospheric sciences from a largely descriptive field to a mature, quantitative physical science discipline is apparent in the development of vastly improved predictive capabilities based upon the numerical integration of specialized versions of the Navier-Stokes equations, which include sophisticated parametrizations of physical processes such as radiative transfer, latent heat release, and microscale motions. The so-called numerical weather prediction models have largely replaced the subjective and statistical prediction methods that were widely used as a basis for day-to-day weather forecasting. The state-of-the-art numerical models exhibit significant skill for forecast intervals as long as about a week. See also Navier-Stokes equation.

A distinction is often made between weather prediction, which is largely restricted to the consideration of dynamic and physical processes internal to the atmosphere, and climate prediction, in which interactions between the atmosphere and other elements of the climate system are taken into account. The importance and complexity of these interactions tend to increase with the time scale of the phenomena of interest in the forecast. Weather prediction involves shorter time frames (days to weeks), in which the information contained in the initial conditions is the dominant factor in determining the evolution of the state of the atmosphere; and climate prediction involves longer time frames (seasons and longer), for boundary forcing is the dominant factor in determining the state of the atmosphere.

Atmospheric prediction has benefited greatly from major advances in remote sensing. Geostationary and polar orbiting satellites provide continuous surveillance of the global distribution of cloudiness, as viewed with both visible and infrared imagery. These images are used in positioning of features such as cyclones and fronts on synoptic charts. Cloud motion vectors derived from consecutive images provide estimates of winds in regions that have no other data. Passive infrared and microwave sensors aboard satellites also provide information on the distribution of sea-surface temperature, sea state, land-surface vegetation, snow and ice cover, as well as vertical profiles of temperature and moisture in cloud-free regions. Improved ground-based radar imagery and vertical profiling devices provide detailed coverage of convective cells and other significant mesoscale features over land areas. Increasingly sophisticated data assimilation schemes are being developed to incorporate this variety of information into numerical weather prediction models on an operational basis.

Answer 2

Actually this question has no connection with meterology as far as I can imagine. When we hold the cup or glass containing the hot coffee in our hand, the neurons in our fingers are in constant touch with the hot vessel and the continuous signal reaches the brain causing us pain. When we take a small sip of the same coffee into our mouth, the sensation of heat is short lived and the coffee gets cooled by dilution, heat loss to the mucous membranes of the mouth, etc. thus the signal is intermittent and our threshold for intermittent pain signal is higher than the continuous pain signal.

Answer 3

Too hot is impossible. Just right is good to drink

Answer 4

meteorology is the study of climate. it rather is used with the aid of "meteorlogists" the climate adult adult males/women human beings on the information are many times called that and that they definitely study the climate so as that persons are extra alert of their evironment it rather is crucial for the pass of civilized existence