Does anyone know the 17 species of penguins?

Answer 1

Check out:
http://www.penguins.cl/penguins-species.htm

Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae)
African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)
Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica)
Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri)
Erect-crested penguins (Eudyptes sclateri)
Fiordland penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus)
Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus)
Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua)
Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti)
King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus )
Little (Blue) penguins (Eudyptula minor)
Macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus)
Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus)
Rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome)
Royal penguins (Eudyptes schlegeli)
Snares penguins (Eudyptes robustus)
Yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes)

Answer 2

It is argued these days that the royal penguin, found only on Macquarie Island is the same species as the macaroni penguin. The status of the two has gone backwards and forwards with the royal sometimes being classified as Eudyptes schlegeli and sometimes as Eudyptes chrysolophus schlegeli. The two are almost identical, the main difference being that the macaroni has a black face while the royal has a white face. There are, however, black faced birds with the royals and white faced birds with the macaronis and they interbreed successfully.

At one stage the little penguin was called the white flippered penguin on Chatham Island near New Zealand and thought to be a separate species. They are considered the same species today.