Email
Short for electronic mail, the transmission of messages over communications networks. The messages can be notes entered from the keyboard or electronic files stored on disk. Most mainframes, minicomputers, and computer networks have an e-mail system. Some electronic-mail systems are confined to a single computer system or network, but others have gateways to other computer systems, enabling users to send electronic mail anywhere in the world. Companies that are fully computerized make extensive use of e-mail because it is fast, flexible, and reliable.
Most e-mail systems include a rudimentary text editor for composing messages, but many allow you to edit your messages using any editor you want. You then send the message to the recipient by specifying the recipient's address. You can also send the same message to several users at once. This is called broadcasting.
Sent messages are stored in electronic mailboxes until the recipient fetches them. To see if you have any mail, you may have to check your electronic mailbox periodically, although many systems alert you when mail is received. After reading your mail, you can store it in a text file, forward it to other users, or delete it. Copies of memos can be printed out on a printer if you want a paper copy.
All online services and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offer e-mail, and most also support gateways so that you can exchange mail with users of other systems. Usually, it takes only a few seconds or minutes for mail to arrive at its destination. This is a particularly effective way to communicate with a group because you can broadcast a message or document to everyone in the group at once.
Although different e-mail systems use different formats, there are some emerging standards that are making it possible for users on all systems to exchange messages. In the PC world, an important e-mail standard is MAPI. The CCITT standards organization has developed the X.400 standard, which attempts to provide a universal way of addressing messages. To date, though, the de facto addressing standard is the one used by the Internet system because almost all e-mail systems have an Internet gateway.
Another common spelling for e-mail is email.
Also see Why E-Mails Bounce and Getting Rid of Spam in the Did You Know section of Webopedia.
Communications
The transmission of data from one computer to another, or from one device to another. A communications device, therefore, is any machine that assists data transmission. For example, modems, cables, and ports are all communications devices. Communications software refers to programs that make it possible to transmit data.
Data
(1) Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way. All software is divided into two general categories: data and programs. Programs are collections of instructions for manipulating data.
Data can exist in a variety of forms -- as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic memory, or as facts stored in a person's mind.
Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a single piece of information. In practice, however, people use data as both the singular and plural form of the word.
(2) The term data is often used to distinguish binary machine-readable information from textual human-readable information. For example, some applications make a distinction between data files (files that contain binary data) and text files (files that contain ASCII data).
(3) In database management systems, data files are the files that store the database information, whereas other files, such as index files and data dictionaries, store administrative information, known as metadata.
Broadcast
To simultaneously send the same message to multiple recipients. Broadcasting is a useful feature in e-mail systems. It is also supported by some fax systems.
In networking, a distinction is made between broadcasting and multicasting. Broadcasting sends a message to everyone on the network whereas multicasting sends a message to a select list of recipients.
Multicast
To transmit a single message to a select group of recipients. A simple example of multicasting is sending an e-mail message to a mailing list. Teleconferencing and videoconferencing also use multicasting, but require more robust protocols and networks.
Standards are being developed to support multicasting over a TCP/IP network such as the Internet. These standards, IP Multicast and Mbone, will allow users to easily join multicast groups.
Note that multicasting refers to sending a message to a select group whereas broadcasting refers to sending a message to everyone connected to a network.
The terms multicast and narrowcast are often used interchangeably, although narrowcast usually refers to the business model whereas multicast refers to the actual technology used to transmit the data.
Compare with unicast and anycast
ISP
Short for Internet Service Provider, a company that provides access to the Internet. For a monthly fee, the service provider gives you a software package, username, password and access phone number. Equipped with a modem, you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide Web and USENET, and send and receive e-mail.
In addition to serving individuals, ISPs also serve large companies, providing a direct connection from the company's networks to the Internet. ISPs themselves are connected to one another through Network Access Points (NAPs).
ISPs are also called IAPs (Internet Access Providers).
CCITT
Abbreviation of Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique, an organization that sets international communications standards. CCITT, now known as ITU (the parent organization) has defined many important standards for data communications, including the following:
• Group 3: The universal protocol for sending fax documents across telephone lines. The Group 3 protocol specifies CCITT T.4 data compression and a maximum transmission rate of 9,600 baud. There are two levels of resolution: 203 by 98 and 203 by 196.
• Group 4 : A protocol for sending fax documents over ISDN networks. The Group 400 protocol supports images of up to 400 dpi resolution.
• V.21: The standard for full-duplex communication at 300 baud in Japan and Europe. In the United States, Bell 103 is used in place of V.21.
• V.22 : The standard for half-duplex communication at 1,200 bps in Japan and Europe. In the United States, the protocol defined by Bell 212A is more common.
• V.22bis : The worldwide standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving data across telephone lines at 1,200 or 2,400 bps.
• V.29: The standard for half-duplex modems sending and receiving data across telephone lines at 1,200, 2,400, 4,800, or 9,600 bps. This is the protocol used by fax modems.
• V.32 : The standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving data across phone lines at 4,800 or 9,600 bps. V.32 modems automatically adjust their transmission speeds based on the quality of the lines.
• V.32bis: The V.32 protocol extended to speeds of 7,200, 12,000, and 14,400 bps.
• V.34 : The standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving data across phone lines at up to 28,800 bps. V.34 modems automatically adjust their transmission speeds based on the quality of the lines.
• V.42 : An error-detection standard for high-speed modems. V.42 can be used with digital telephone networks. See MNP for a competing standard.
• V.42bis: A data compression protocol that can enable modems to achieve a data transfer rate of 34,000 bps.
• V.90: The standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving data across phone lines at up to 56,600 bps.
• X.25: The most popular packet-switching protocol for WANs.
• X.400: The universal protocol for e-mail. X.400 defines the envelope for e-mail messages so all messages conform to a standard format.
• X.500: An extension to X.400 that defines addressing formats so all e-mail systems can be linked together.
MAPI
Short for Messaging Application Programming Interface, a system built into Microsoft Windows that enables different e-mail applications to work together to distribute mail. As long as both applications are MAPI-enabled, they can share mail messages with each other.
SO for that
When addressing the issue of all capitals in online forms, it is important to know that the rules are not universal. Some online forms may ask specifically for responses in all capitals, for reasons that will be discussed later. In general, however, the practice of using all capitals in online communications is discouraged for both technical and social reasons, such as readability and the perceptions of the recipient. Certain online forms may also be case-sensitive, which means any capitals typed during the creation of a password or email address must remain capitals later.
One of the main reasons why the use of all capitals is discouraged is social in nature. It is difficult to convey emotions or irony or sarcasm in most electronic communications, so many emailers and chatroom participants use all capitals to express anger or other strong emotions. THE EFFECT OF ALL CAPITALS IS THE APPEARANCE OF SHOUTING, which may not be the sentiment you wish to convey at all. Other typographical effects, such as emoticons, can convey more subtle emotions, but the use of all capitals is perceived as far from subtle.
Another reason many online form users dislike all capitals is general readability. Early computer programs had difficulty recognizing lower case letters, so the use of all capitals was the norm. As more advanced word processing programs became available, fewer computer users felt the need to use all capitals in their electronic communications. Some online forms still request responses in all capitals, but often only when the responses are relatively short and the recipients seek a level playing field without improper lower or upper case typos affecting their decisions.
Lengthy passages written in all capitals can very difficult to read. EVEN A SIMPLE EXPLANATION OF WHY USING ALL CAPITAL LETTERS IS NOT ADVISABLE CAN QUICKLY TURN INTO A BLUR OF LETTERS OVER TIME. Ahem. Capitals do have their place in electronic communications, especially as headers and titles, but most readers prefer to see electronic text as a form of typewritten material, with familiar upper and lower case fonts. The use of all capitals can negatively affect a reader's reading speed or an editor's proofreading ability.
In short, writing in all capitals should only be used to express very strong emotion or in response to short online form queries. Be sure to check the website's rules concerning the use of all capitals before submitting your information electronically.
2007-02-18 19:22:35
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answer #7
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answered by shiba 3
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