how distance and speed in the motions of clock parts are use to measure time?

Answer 1

A pendulum is the fundamental time measuring device in mechanical clocks. The speed is fixed by it physical aspects. For example a period of a simple pendulum consisting of an arm and a mass is determined by the length of its arm and gravitational constant:
T=2 Pi Sqrt(L/g)
L -lenght of the arm
g - gravitationa lacceleration
Pi - 3.141592...
Ones the time is measured well we use gears for indicators.
1. - 1- sec - 1 pendulum period (T) to gear #1
2. - 1- min - gear #2 1:60 ration between gear #1 and #2
3. - 1 hour gear #3 1:60 ration between gear #2 and #3
also keep in mind that 1:60 equal to a set of four gears 1:6 to 1:10
This is why we have more then three gears in a typical clock.

I hope it helps.