Basic Info about Louis Pasteur, Claude Bernard, William Harvey, Andreas Vesalius, Hanaoka Seishy?

Question

I really need the basic information about Louis Pasteur, Claude Bernard, William Harvey, Andreas Vesalius, Hanaoka Seishu.
- Name
- Born
- Died
- Nationality
- Famous Discovery
- Other Information

Thank you very much!

Answer 1

LPOIS PASTEUR
Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist. His experiments confirmed the germ theory of disease, and he created the first vaccine for rabies. He is best known to the general public for showing how to stop milk and wine from going sour - this process came to be called pasteurization. He is regarded as one of the three main founders of bacteriology, among Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch. He also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, most notably the asymmetry of crystals.

Pasteur won the Leeuwenhoek medal, microbiology's highest honor, in 1895.

He was Grand Croix of the Legion of Honor

He died in 1895, near Paris, from complications of a series of strokes that had started in 1868. He was buried in the Cathedral of Notre Dame, but his remains were reinterred in a crypt in the Institut Pasteur, Paris. He will be remembered for his life saving work.


CLAUDE BERNARD

Claude Bernard (July 12, 1813 – February 10, 1878) was a French physiologist. He was called by Prof. I. Bernard Cohen of Harvard University, "one of the greatest of all men of science" in his Forward to the Dover edition (1957) of Bernard's classic on scientific method, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (originally published in 1865).
Claude Bernard's aim, as he stated in his own words, was to establish scientific method in medicine. He dismissed many previous misconceptions, took nothing for granted and was relying on experimentation. Unlike his contemporaries he insisted that all living creatures were also bound by the same laws as inanimate matter.

Claude Bernard's first important work was on the functions of the pancreas gland, the juice of which he proved to be of great significance in the process of digestion; this achievement won him the prize for experimental physiology from the French Academy of Sciences. A second investigation - perhaps his most famous was on the glycogenic function of the liver; in the course of this he was led to the conclusion, which throws light on the causation of diabetes mellitus, that the liver, in addition to secreting bile, is the seat of an internal secretion, by which it prepares sugar at the expense of the elements of the blood passing through it. A third research resulted in the discovery of the vaso-motor system. While engaged, about 1851, in examining the effects produced in the temperature of various parts of the body by section of the nerve or nerves belonging to them, he noticed that division of the cervical sympathetic gave rise to more active circulation and more forcible pulsation of the arteries in certain parts of the head, and a few months afterwards he observed that electrical excitation of the upper portion of the divided nerve had the contrary effect. In this way he established the existence of vaso-motor nerves, both vaso-dilalator and vaso-constrictor.

Homeostasis is the key process with which Bernard is associated. He famously said "La fixite du milieu interior est la condition de la vie libre". Translated: "To have a free life, independent of the external environment, requires a constant internal environment". This is still the underlying principle of homeostasis today.

The study of the physiological action of poisons was also a favourite one with him, his attention being devoted in particular to curare and carbon monoxide gas.

Bernard practiced vivisection to the disgust of his wife and his daughter. He firmly believed that the advancement of medicine and the relief of human suffering justified the suffering of animals but his wife was not convinced, the couple were officially separated in 1869 and his wife went on to actively campaign against the practice of vivisection.

On his passing, Claude Bernard was interred in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

WILLIAM HARVEY:
William Harvey (April 1, 1578 – June 3, 1657) was an English medical doctor, who is credited with first correctly describing, in exact detail, the properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart. This developed the ideas of René Descartes who in his Description of the Human Body said that the arteries and veins were pipes which carried nourishment around the body. Although Spanish physician Michael Servetus discovered circulation a quarter century before Harvey was born, all but three copies of his manuscript Christianismi Restitutio were destroyed and as a result, the secrets of circulation were lost until Harvey rediscovered them nearly a century later. Harvey travelled widely in the course of his researches, especially to Italy, where he stayed at the Venerable English College in Rome.

ANDREAS VESALIUS:


Andreas Vesalius (Brussels, December 31, 1514 - Zakynthos, October 15, 1564) was an anatomist and physician, author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.

Vesalius' name is also referred to as Andreas Vesal or Andreas van Wesel, depending on the source.


HANAOKA SEISHY :Its HANAOKA SEISHU

Hanaoka Seishu (華岡青洲, November 30, 1760 – November 21, 1835) was a Japanese physician and was the first to perform surgery using general anaesthesia, almost forty years before Dr. Crawford Williamson Long operated in Danielsville, Georgia using anaesthesia.

He performed a breast cancer operation in 1804 using a compound he called Tsusen san, based on the plants Datura metel and Aconitum and others.

His patient was 60 year old, Kan Aiya, whose family was beset by breast cancer - Kan Aiya being the last of kin alive.

Seishu Hanaoka learnt traditional Japanese medicine as well as Dutch-imported European surgery. The imported knowledge was very difficult for him and other Japanese physicians to learn, as no foreign medicine books were allowed to be brought to Japan.

The national isolation policy of the Tokugawa Shogunate prevented Seishu's breakthrough in being discovered until after the isolation ended (1603 - 1868).

This unfortunate factor meant that anaesthesia in the rest of the world had to develop independently.

The famous Japanese author Ariyoshi Sawako wrote a novel The Doctor's Wife (Japanese 花岡青洲の妻), based on the actual life of Hanaoka Seishu with a fictional conflict between his mother and his wife.

Answer 2

Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist. His experiments confirmed the germ theory of disease, and he created the first vaccine for rabies. He is best known to the general public for showing how to stop milk and wine from going sour - this process came to be called pasteurization. He is regarded as one of the three main founders of bacteriology, among Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch. He also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, most notably the asymmetry of crystals.

Claude Bernard (July 12, 1813 – February 10, 1878) was a French physiologist. He was called by Prof. I. Bernard Cohen of Harvard University, "one of the greatest of all men of science" in his Forward to the Dover edition (1957) of Bernard's classic on scientific method, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (originally published in 1865).

William Harvey (April 1, 1578 – June 3, 1657) was an English medical doctor, who is credited with first correctly describing, in exact detail, the properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart. This developed the ideas of René Descartes who in his Description of the Human Body said that the arteries and veins were pipes which carried nourishment around the body. Although Spanish physician Michael Servetus discovered circulation a quarter century before Harvey was born, all but three copies of his manuscript Christianismi Restitutio were destroyed and as a result, the secrets of circulation were lost until Harvey rediscovered them nearly a century later. Harvey travelled widely in the course of his researches, especially to Italy, where he stayed at the Venerable English College in Rome.

Andreas Vesalius (Brussels, December 31, 1514 - Zakynthos, October 15, 1564) was an anatomist and physician, author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.
Vesalius' name is also referred to as Andreas Vesal or Andreas van Wesel, depending on the source.

Hanaoka Seishu (華岡青洲, November 30, 1760 – November 21, 1835) was a Japanese physician and was the first to perform surgery using general anaesthesia, almost forty years before Dr. Crawford Williamson Long operated in Danielsville, Georgia using anaesthesia.
He performed a breast cancer operation in 1804 using a compound he called Tsusen san, based on the plants Datura metel and Aconitum and others.
His patient was 60 year old, Kan Aiya, whose family was beset by breast cancer - Kan Aiya being the last of kin alive.
Seishu Hanaoka learnt traditional Japanese medicine as well as Dutch-imported European surgery. The imported knowledge was very difficult for him and other Japanese physicians to learn, as no foreign medicine books were allowed to be brought to Japan.
The national isolation policy of the Tokugawa Shogunate prevented Seishu's breakthrough in being discovered until after the isolation ended (1603 - 1868).
This unfortunate factor meant that anaesthesia in the rest of the world had to develop independently.