How has culture in europe been changed by Islam from 1000 c. e. and 1750 c. e.?

Answer 1

From 1000 to 1200, Northern Europeans traveled to Spain, which Arabs had conquered in 711, to learn Arabic and translate Aristotle, Plato, and other Greek writers from Arabic into Latin. Northern Europeans had lost the ability to read Greek in the original about 300-500.

After that, the only way Arabs and Turks affected Europe was in yearly raids called razzia's, carried out from 1500 onwards. These were naval raids on Mediterranean coasts of France, Italy, and Spain from Constantinople. One turning point was the Battle of Lepanto, 1574, won by the Genoese admiral Andrea Doria at the head of an allied fleet of Spanish, French, and Italian city states ships. The last great effort of Turkey was the siege of Vienna in 1689. The Polish king John III Sobieski was so moved that he marched south from his own country to raise the siege and defeat the Turks. He wrote a letter to his wife Marysienka that evening on the battlefield headed, "From the tent of the vizier:"