what is the history of colonization in sudan?

Question

report need lots of details and fast

Answer 1

*The below was quote from the site http://www.sudan.net/society/history.html
. . .

Man has lived in the Sudan for at least nine million years and the valley of the Nile which wanders more than 4,000 miles from the lakes of Central Africa to the Mediterranean may well he the cradle of civilisation rather than the Euphrates. About four centuries before Christ the Ox-driven water wheel which still plays a vital role in the country's economy, was introduced to the Sudan. At the same time came camels, brought with them by the Persians when Cambyses invaded Egypt in 525 BC.

Homer knew of the Sudan and his countrymen visited it, to barter cloth, wine and trinkets for gum arabic, spices and slaves. Nero sent a reconnaissance expedition far up the river but the commander's experience with the "sudd" (Arabic for obstruction), a vast and impenetrable papyrus swamp in the southern Sudan, dissuaded the emperor from any thought of conquest. During the reign of Justinian, many Sudanese kingdoms were converted to Christianity and churches dotted the sweep of the Nile until the spread of Islam in the XVIth century.

Modern Sudanese history owes much to Napoleon. It was the victory in 1797, at the battle of the Pyramids which shook the power of the Mamelukes, the Caucasian ruling class of Egypt, and paved the way for the rise to power of the Albenian soldier of fortune Muhammad Mi.

Muhammad Mi sent his third son Ismail at the head of 10,000 men across the desert and, by 1821, all of north and central Sudan was his. For the first time, the Sudan- the name means "Land of Blacks" - began to take shape as a political entity.

Salvation was to come from the desert. Muhammad Ahmad, the son of a Dongola boat-builder, was born in 1844. He grew into a soft-spoken mystic and soon retired to Aba Island, 150 miles south of Khartoum, to live the life of a religious recluse, proclaiming himself in 1881 to be the Mahdi, the second great prophet. The tribes of the west rallied to the Mahdi's call for a war against the infidels and despots and, early in 1884, the Mahdi was master of all Sudan save Khartoum.

Britain, who meanwhile had moved into Egypt, resolved that the Sudan could not be held, and sent General Charles Gordon to evacuate Khartoum. No man could have been more ill-fitted for the job, and after 317 days the Mahdi's dervish hordes overran the city's defences and razed Khartoum.

Five months after the fall of Khartoum, the Mahdi died of typhus; he was succeeded by Khalifa Abdallah. Hardly had he come to power when the Sudan was plunged in a series of civil wars. In September 1898 the Anglo-Egyptian force led by General Herbert Kitchener met the Khalifa's 60,000 warriors on an open plain outside Omdurman, the new Sudanese city built across the Nile. Khalifa's casualties comprised 10,800 killed and 16.000 wounded, and Kitchener entered Omdurman as a conqueror.

On January 19, 1899 Britain and Egypt signed a condominium agreement under which the Sudan was to be administered jointly. In the twelve ensuing years, the Sudan's revenue had increased seventeen fold, its expenditure tripled, and its budget reached a balanced state which was to be maintained until 1960. Mounting Egyptian nationalism in the period after World War I culminated in 1924 in the assassination in the streets of Cairo of Sir Lee Stack, Governor - General of the Sudan; British reaction resulted in the expulsion of all Egyptian officials from the Sudan.

After the Anglo-Egyptian "entente" of 1936. a few Egyptians were allowed to return to the country in minor posts. But the signing of the 1936 agreement stimulated Sudanese nationalists who objected both to the return of the Egyptians and to the fact that other nations were deciding their destiny. Expression of this feeling was seen in the formation of the Graduates' Congress, under the leadership of Ismail al-Azhari.
. . .

Might not be as much as you need but read further here... http://www.sudan.net/society/history.html

Answer 2

Northern Sudan was bought under Egyptian control in 1821 and in 1874 the viceroy of Egypt, the Khedive Ismail, gave the post of governor of Egyptian Sudan to Charles Gordon who brought peace and order. Slavery was an inherent part of north Sudanese society, so Gordon’s anti-slavery administration made him extremely unpopular. Muhammed Ahmad declared himself Mahdi or spiritual leader in 1881 and led an Islamic rebellion. Britain occupied Egypt in 1882 and invaded Sudan. Gordon had resigned in 1880 but returned in 1884 to evacuate Egyptian forces from Khartoum. The Mahdists captured Khartoum on 26th January 1885 and Gordon was killed on the 30th, two days before the British relief of Khartoum. The ‘Mad Mahdi’ died some months later and his successor Khalifa Abdulla continued the struggle to be eventually defeated by General Lord Kitchener at the battle of Omdurman in 1898, which saw the end of the Dervish uprising.
Kitchener continued south to forestall French occupation of southern Sudan. The French objective was to link their territories west to east but this would interfere with the British design to link their possessions from Cape to Cairo. They met at Fashoda and with neither side wanting conflict agreed to fly both their flags over the fort. After tense discussions between Britain and France, which narrowly averted war, the French withdrew and it was agreed that the watersheds of the Nile and Congo would demarcate their respective spheres of influence in Africa.
1899 saw the creation of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium of Sudan under a British governor. In 1948 a constitution was granted but in 1951 King Farouk proclaimed himself King of Sudan. After the overthrow of the monarchy in Egypt, Sudan was granted self-government in 1953 with full independence from Egypt and Britain on 1st January 1956.
Sudan did not join the Commonwealth.

Sudan is however a bit like a colony again - Policed by a large foreign army and administered by international bureaucrats, it has lost control of its own destiny.

Sudanese soldiers with guns have been a familiar sight on the streets of Khartoum for many years - a constant reminder that this was a country at war with itself. Much less familiar, but suddenly a routine presence in the same dusty streets, are the armed, uniformed khawajas, or whiteys.

Officers of the Spanish and Cypriot armies may now be seen taking their morning coffee. In the evening, blond Norwegian lieutenants and captains haunt the city's few Turkish cafes.

Elsewhere in town you see other soldiers from distant countries involved in the United Nations mission, or from the African Union (AU) forces, busy with logistic support for field operations, standing guard at key buildings, or just hanging around as soldiers do. And there are more outside the capital, and more coming in by plane every day.

The true scale of the foreign military presence is not something officials like to talk about, but last year year the UN and the AU will had a combined force of roughly 20,000 in Sudan - considerably more, as a point of reference, than the 12,000 Kitchener required to recapture Khartoum in 1898.

This is the outward sign of a dramatic change that few involved are ready to acknowledge openly, even though it is beginning to make some Sudanese uneasy. Just half a century after the colonial age ended here, this country - the biggest in Africa by area, with a population of nearly 40 million - is back under foreign rule.

Officially the reins of government may still be in the hands of President Omar Hassan el-Bashir, but the true power in the land today is a small, balding Dutch politician called Jan Pronk, who was sent to Khartoum as Kofi Annan's special envoy.