In what three ways do eubacteria obtain nutrients?

Answer 1

Eubacteria? What about Mebacteria?

Answer 2

How Do Eubacteria Obtain Energy

Answer 3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubacteria

Answer 4

The three most common shapes of bacteria are spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli)&helices (spirilla).
The number of ways that bacteria can obtain nutrition &respire contributes to their ability to inhabit so many diverse places on Earth.

To obtain energy and carbon, bacteria can be photoautotrophic– harness light energy to drive metabolic processes and use CO2 as a carbon source, while others are chemoautotrophic– oxidize inorganic substances for energy and use CO2 as a carbon source, photoheterotrophic– use light to generate energy but obtain carbon from other organic molecules, or chemoheterotrophic– consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.
The chemoheterotrophs include saprobes, decomposers that absorb their nutrients from the body fluids of living hosts.

Bacteria also form many diverse symbiotic relationships with other organisms.

Bacteria exhibit wide variation in their use of oxygen and can be classified based on their dependence upon it.



photoautotrophs- Are self-feeders-Uses sunlight for energy, and carbon dioxide (CO2) as its source for photosynthesis. Some use the cyclic pathway and others use the non-cyclic pathway of photosynthesis.

photoheterotrophs- Not self-feeders.
They can use sunlight as an energy source, but cannot use carbon dioxide (CO2) as a source for photosynthesis.
Instead they use carbon from organic compounds produced by other organisms.

Uses the cyclic pathway of photosynthesis.

chemoautotrophs- Are self-feeders. Uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as main carbon source.
Receives required electrons and hydrogen (H2) from inorganic sources.

chemoheterotrophs- Not self-feeders. Are parasites (live on or in a host, and draw glucose and nutrients from it) or saprobes (obtain nutrients from organic products, wastes, or remains of organisms).


There are three types of eubacteria-Chemoautotropic eubacteria, Chemoheterotrophic eubacteria, and Photoautotrophic eubacteria.

Chemoautotropic Eubacteria- receive carbon from carbon dioxide (CO2) and electrons from inorganic substances-many of these affect the global cycling of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, other nutrients- these bacteria strip electrons from ammonia (NH4), plants use the refuse (nitrate) as a nitrogen source.

Chemoheterotrophic Eubacteria- most species are decomposer-
who use enzymes to break down organic compounds, or even pesticides in soil; an example is Pseudomonads.

Some species of Lactobacillus are used when manufacturing pickles, buttermilk, yogurt, and sauerkraut.

Coli produces vitamin K, and other compounds useful in fat digestion; it also helps newborns digest milk; it also keeps food born pathogens from living in the gut.

Actinomycetes are used as a source of antibiotics.

Azospirillum is a nitrogen fixing spirochete, who is in a symbiotic relationship with both corn and sugar cane-it uses some of their carbohydrates and they use it’s nitrogen.

Rhizobium is another nitrogen fixing bacteria, it lives in a symbiotic relationship in the roots of beans and other legumes.

Eubacteria are adapted to most habitats &exhibit both autotrophic &heterotrophic types of nutrition.

Eubacteria come in a variety of shapes.
Cocci are spherical and often occur in defined groups of two
or more.

Bacilli are rod-shaped & usually occur unaggregated.

Spirilla & spirochetes are spiral-shaped.

Vibrios are comma shaped

Filamentous forms also exist in soil & are called
Actinomeycetes.

Cell Structure of Eubacteria
plasma membrane- phospholipid bilayer similar to eukaryotic
cells.
However cholesterol is lacking.
Roles include-
respiratory and metabolic functions
photosynthesis by having internal folds, forming
thylakoids with photosynthetic pigments.

mesosome-: a membranous infolding in the cell.
It may have
roles in chromosome replication and in cell division.


Pili are protein filaments thinner than bacterial flagella.

Pili help bacteria stick to each other or to surfaces in
their environments.
Pili are often seen in parasitic bacteria
and are used to cling to the host.

sex pili-aid in the transfer of genes in rare episodes of
sexual reproduction.

Ribosomes are used in protein synthesis & storage of
materials.

The single chromosome is basically circular & may lay in
the cytoplasm or be attached to the cell membrane.

Cell walls vary in components and in thickness.
Cells with
thick cell walls tend to be susceptible to penicillin and other
antibiotics.

Eubacteria are grouped into three basic categories:
Gram-positive or thick cell walls
- most pathogenic bacteria
Gram-negative or thin cell walls &wall-less



Capsules-some bacteria have an outer coat consisting of
complex carbohydrates, which aids in sticking to surfaces.

Endospores
spores are single-celled dispersive structures, similar in
function to seeds.

Endospores are extremely resistant to decomposition
and disintegration.

Bacterial Movement
Most spiral and bacilli shaped bacteria can move&
Cocci shapes do not move.


Flagella
Flagella can be either scattered over a cell or in bunches
at one or both ends.

Size, structure, and function differ from those aspects of
eukaryotic flagella.

They are composed of protein in two parts- external,
nonmembrane-bounded filaments &rotating rings
embedded in the plasma membrane &cell wall.

The three regions of a bacterial flagellum are the outer
filament, hook, and an anchoring basal body.

Motion is produced as they spin on their axes like
propellers.


Chemotaxis-the ability of bacteria to move toward or away
from stimuli using their flagellum.
when moving toward a stimulus, the flagella spins
counter-clockwise, causing a straight forward motion.

When moving away, the flagella spins clockwise,
causing the bacteria to tumble away.

Gliding- some bacteria excrete a mucous-like substance,
which allows them to move.

myxobacteria- along with this type of movement, they
also will mass together, forming a stalk, with a spore
forming body at the tip, a mysospore.

Bacterial Reproduction
Fission- no mitosis, DNA replicates, fission follows.

Conjugation- simple sexual process- sex pili draw cells
together and a transfer of genes occurs.
A very rare occurrence,
seen usually only in lab conditions.

Metabolism
There are two major groups of feeding types
Heterotrophs: "other-feeders" that make carbon compounds
from the carbon in existing organic compounds and obtain
energy from those same compounds (chemoheterotrophs).

decomposers ¶sites (pathogens)


Autotrophs: "self-feeders" that make carbon compounds
from the carbon in CO2 and the energy in sunlight
(photosynthesis) or inorganic compounds. cyanobacteria
(Anabaena)
photoautotrophs & chemoautotrophs

Bacteria are also classified by whether or not they use oxygen.
obligate aerobes- cannot survive without oxygen.

obligate anaerobes- cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

facultative anaerobes- can survive with or without oxygen.

Types of Bacterial heterotrophs
Inhibiting decomposers- food spoilers.
usually require food,
warmth, moisture, and the appropriate gas for respiration.
ways to prevent include-cooling, salting, drying, freezing,
and sugaring.
Sterilization and pasteurization eliminate
bacteria.

Economically useful decomposers- pickles and sauerkraut,
yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, and parmesan, cheddar and Swiss
cheeses are all made in part by bacteria.
Some bacteria are also
used in genetic engineering.
Vitamin K comes from E. coli.

Animal pathogens- leprosy, typhus, and tuberculosis are all
examples of bacilli pathogens.
staphylococcus and streptococci
are nasty cocci pathogens.

STDs- gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia
Gonorrhea-Neisseria gonorrhoreae see symptoms of
it in book.
ItCan lead to PID.

syphilis- Treponema pallidum symptoms in book.

Chlamydia-Chlamydia trachomatis symptoms in book.
Can lead to PID.

Mycoplasmas- The smallest living cells.
They are parasites
of plants and animals/
One type causes a form of pneumonia,
another urinary tract infection.

Plant pathogens- Blights, wilts, galls and ruts.

-Types of Bacterial Autotrophs
Photoautotrophs- Cyanobacteria sometimes "bloom" in
aquatic environments.

Blooms are population explosions of microorganisms
(usually photosynthetic) in freshwater lakes and marine
bays.

A bloom of a red species of cyanobacterium gives the
Red Sea its name.

Large blooms of cyanobacteria indicate that a lake is
polluted.

Some filamentous cyanobacteria produce heterocysts
which incorporate atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium
which can be used to produce amino acids.

Some cyanobacteria form lichens with fungi that can
grow on rocks.
The cyanobacterium provides organic
nutrients to the fungus, and the fungus protects and gives
inorganic nutrients to the cyanobacteria.

Chemoautotrophs-obtain energy from the oxidation of
sulphur (myxobacteria), iron and manganese, or hydrogen gas.

Chemical cycles in our environment depend on bacteria.
Because of the variety of metabolic capabilities, bacteria play
many beneficial roles in cycling elements among living and
nonliving components of environments.

hope this all helps answer your question