What are some easy tests that I could use to determine which elements are in a unknown compound?

Answer 1

for metals u can do that by flame test ,most fo the metals like copper,sodium,potassium,calcium etc have chracteristic flames
sodiumflame has golden yellow color while copper blue and calcium brick red and so on. if a copound has a sooty flame it means it contains hydrocarbons ie Corbon and Hydrogen.if it effervesence with acids it may conatain carbon and oxygen ie evoltion of cabon dioxide .u can do a lot of such simple test for different elements

Answer 2

Since there are so many elements and compounds there are no easy tests to look for all of them. There are courses in qualitative analysis (what's there) to quantitative analysis (what and how much) that are multiple college courses. I'm afraid you're asking for the moon here.