How are astronaughts completely seeled off from the effects of space with out leaving any holes?

Answer 1

they close the access ports, like a submarine, as a matter of fact, a lot of the NASA testing of equipment goes on underwater, before put in space

A neutron walked into a bar and
asked how much for a drink.
The bartender replied,
"for you, no charge."
- - Internet Chemistry Jokes

Answer 2

By making the crew compartment(s) airtight. Thaat's actually the easy part of designing a spacecraft--we do it all the time (high flying aircraft, submarines, bio-containment facilities). And, of course, making sure that all the surface of a habitat or spacecraft compartment is covered with a tough material of some kind to stop micrometeorites. You mentioned the 'lack of holes." Theres a lot of ways to do this--but they all come down to soeme variation of what aircraft and othr machines use. If you look closely at the door to an airliner next time you fly, you'll see some sort of gasket (or the equavalent) that seals the cracks when the door is closed.

The outside is usually light-colored to reflect sunlight so things don't overheat. For the ISS and space shuttle, there isn't really much protection from radiation because it isn't needed--the earth's magnetic field does that for us and they are within it. The only people who've gone far enough out to have to worry about radiation were the Apollo astronauts--but tey weren't outside the earth magnetic field for a short time--safe enough as long as there's no solar flares occuring--and they timed the missions to avoid those.

When astronauts start staying out for longer periods, they will need sheilding--and there are several technological solutions that are being studied to do this.

Answer 3

Hi. Holes in what? The spacecraft? There are holes in it but they have special seals that slow down the loss of pressure to the vacuum of space.