What legal devices did southern states use to exclude most of their black citizens voting from 1890-1965i?

Answer 1

1. Poll taxes
2. Grandfather clauses
3. Literacy tests


These were the three most common ones used.

Answer 2

All the devices were lumped under the term "Jim Crow" laws. They were a series of laws and regulations that functioned as a sort of racial caste system--like said above, literary tests were quite common in excluding freed blacks from voting due to the fact that it was illegal to teach slaves to read and write.