How have the biologist been able to prove the relation ship of humans to animals science Charles Darwin?

Question

i need specifics this is for a paper (websites please i havent had any luck)

Answer 1

Well, Panacea apparently is unaware of the following:

Here is a partial list of evidence, that I've broken down into 7 categories. (This is an edited version of stuff I've stated before).

I should also clarify that scientists always use the word "evidence", not "proof". You prove things in math, not science. And this holds for ALL topics in science.

And please note that, as you requested, I'm limiting this to evidence about *human* evolution only. Once you open it up to all the other species of animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, protists, etc., the evidence for evolution becomes even more enormous.

Evidence of human common ancestry with other animals:

1. Fossil evidence: Transitional forms between many stages of human evolution. Commonalities in developing bone structures in both modern and extinct Hominid species. Radiometric dating of fossil finds that correspond to genetic estimates of branching. Stratigraphy (the fact that humanoid fossils are ALWAYS found in the correct layers). Way too much to list here. See source #1.

2. Genetic evidence - These are the genes that we have in common with other primates. E.g. the fact that we have a huge number of genes (as much as 96%) in common with other great apes. Genetic evidence shows that we are more closely related to chimps than to the other great apes, and more closely related to great apes than to other primates (monkeys), etc. I.e. it's not just a single relationship to one or two other species, but a measurable relationship to *all* species ... that diminishes exactly as expected the farther away on the phylogenetic tree. We even share a large part of our genes with plants.

3. Molecular evidence - These are commonalities in DNA ... which is separate from genetic commonalities ... much of our DNA does not code for genes at all. But random mutations (basically 'typos') enter into DNA at a known rate over the centuries. This is called the 'molecular clock' and again gives excellent evidence of when humans diverged from other apes (about 6 million years ago, according to this molecular clock).

4. Proteins - These are the proteins in common with other primates. This includes things like blood proteins (the things that give us our A, B, O blood typing and the Rh factor (the plus/minus thing) which incidentally stands for 'rhesus monkey'); the exact structure of the insulin molecule; and my favorite, the photophigments: The photopigments are the three proteins responsible for color vision. The specific proteins found in human color vision are exactly the same as those found in Old World primates (the great apes and the monkeys found in Africa and Asia). These proteins are absent in New World primates (the Central and South American monkeys), and from all other mammals. In fact among the New World primates, only the howler monkey has color vision ... but these use slightly *different* proteins, coded on different locations and chromosomes, than humans and the OW primates. This is yet more evidence of a closer link between humans and the OW primates.

5. Vestigial structures - These are structures that are useless, almost useless, or just badly 'designed' (a word I use figuratively), that can only be explained in terms of descent from animals in which they were more useful. Things like wisdom teeth and the appendix are classic examples ... but my favorite is the plantaris muscle: The plantaris muscle is a long thin muscle in your calf that serves no useful purpose in humans. It is so useless that surgeons commonly harvest it for use in reconstructive surgery (such as heart surgery). In fact, it is so useless that 9% of people have no plantaris muscle at all. So why is it there? Because it serves a very important purpose in other primates ... specifically, grasping with the feet.

6. Homology - These are structures and proteins that have commonalities between species, but have a different function. The simplest examples are the fact that all terrestrial vertebrates have four limbs, and most have five fingers (e.g. bats, dolphins, whales, birds, reptiles, etc.). There are also homologous proteins. But my favorite are the five bones in the inner ear of humans and other mammals, which correspond in structure to the five bones of the hinged jaw of reptiles. These are evidences that evolution will often take structures left over from a now useless function, and repurpose them for a new useful function.

7. Embryology - This includes things like tails and gill folds in human embryos and those of all other mammals. But this also includes things that are evidence of other creatures are related to our branch ... such as legs and five webbed fingers, and distinct leg-buds in the embryos of dolphins.

Now all of these just concern human evolution. The lines of evidence for evolution in general are much bigger (e.g. I didn't include things like virology, or bacteriology, or evidences from medicine).

However, a bigger point is this: while all of these independently are evidence of the model of human evolution, when considered *together*, and with the fossil evidence, they get even stronger. For example, the molecular clock places the split from other apes at about 6 million years ago, which is consistent with when these early humans first appear in the fossil record. And the split between New World and Old World primates suggested by the structure and genetic locations of photopigment proteins, is further confirmed by the molecular and fossil evidence.

Answer 2

Oh dear lord that you say you believe in please flick the switch in your brain from "Off" to "On" First, Darwin DID prove his Theory to the best of scientific ability for his time, which compared to the means that Thompson had in the 1900s was stone age tools, and that he was open to the idea that he could very well be wrong so did not write his book in absolutes Second, Science has since Darwin come a long way in filling in the gaps left by Darwin Third, you quote a man who died in 1972 and so are ignoring the 37 years of scientific advancement including the find of many transitional fossils Fourth, it doesn't matter what some dead guy or Darwin himself had to say....what matters are the FACTS and the FACTS validate Evolution so even if it started out as a Monty Python skit it does NOT in any way imaginable in this space-time reality affect Evolution's validity

Answer 3

Humans are animals. We're just a little smarter than the others. Language and writing enable us to share and accumulate knowledge over thousands of years.

Answer 4

They haven't. The information you are looking for does not exist.