Do prtozoans reproduce by budding? Give example?

Answer 1

no, they increase number by cell division.

Answer 2

Reproduction occurs after a period of growth which ranges, in different species, from less than half a day to several months (certain Foraminiferida). General methods include binary fission, budding, plasmotomy, and schizogony. Fission, involving nuclear division and replication of organelles, yields two organisms similar in size. Budding produces two organisms, one smaller than the other. In plasmotomy, a multinucleate organism divides into several, each containing a number of nuclei. Schizogony, characteristic of Sporozoa, follows repeated nuclear division, yielding many uninucleate cells.
EXAMPLE OF PROTOZOAN SHOWING BUDDING: TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI

Answer 3

Yes,they do,protozoans reproduce by budding where the daughter cell is considerably smaller than the parent cell but eventually grows to adult size.

Answer 4

There is some semblance of budding in Monocystis.

Answer 5

No, because generally protozoans reproduce by fission.
for example amoeba.

Answer 6

I. Protists.

a. Common characteristics.

i. Eukaryotic.

1. Have a nucleus.

ii. Live in moist surroundings.

iii. Very diverse (lots of differences).

1. Kelp – over 300 ft. tall.

2. Some move, other do not.

3. Some are autotrophs (produce own food), other heterotrophs (get food from other organisms).

iv. Three categories:

1. Animal-like.

2. Plant-like.

3. Fungus-like.

b. Animal-like protists.

i. Characteristics.

1. Heterotrophs.

2. Called PROTOZOANS.

3. Can move (mostly).

4. Unicellular (single celled).

5. Classified by how they move.

ii. Protozoans with pseudopods.

1. Called SARCODINES.

2. Move and feed by forming pseudopods.

a. Bulging of the cytoplasm.

b. “False feet”.

c. Organisms constantly changing shape.

d. Psuedopod surround prey trapping it inside of the cell.

i. Called phagocytosis.

3. Contractile vacuoles.

a. Structures that remove excess water from cytoplasm of cell.

b. Living in fresh water causes water to flow into the cell by osmosis.

c. If contractile vacuole did not exist, cell could burst due to too much water.

4. Illustration on p. 220 in book.

iii. Protozoans with cilia.

1. Called CILIATES.

2. Move using tiny hairlike projections called cilia.

a. Act like oars on a boat.

b. Cilia also used for capturing food and sensing the environment.

3. Reproduce by binary fission.

a. Cell simply copies all of its organelles and splits in two.

i. Cell is identical to parent.

b. Can reproduce by conjugation.

i. Share genetic material.

4. Example organism: Paramecium.

a. See p. 221 for illustration.

iv. Protozoans with flagella.

1. Called ZOOFLAGELLATES.

a. Moving using 1-8 flagella.

i. Flagella – whip-like tails.

b. Many live inside bodies of other organisms.

i. Symbiosis.

1. Interaction between two species.

2. Types of symbiosis:

a. Mutualism.

i. Both organisms benefit.

b. Parasitism.

i. A one organism benefit, the other is harmed.

3. Mutualistic zooflagellate.

a. Zooflagellate living in gut of termite allows it to digest wood.

4. Parasitic flagellate.

a. Giardia can get into the intestine from drinking freshwater contaminated with fecal material (poop).

b. Organism feeds and reproduces causing serious intestinal condition (diarrhea).

v. Other protozoans.

1. Called SPOROZOANS.

2. All are parasites.

3. Move by flagella or in the host through the movement of the host’s fluids.

4. Example: Plasmodium.

a. Sporozoan carried by mosquitoes.

b. Causes malaria (yellow fever).

i. Most common in tropical regions.

ii. Characterized by dangerously high fever followed by chills.

iii. Kills 1 million people world wide every year.

c. Gets in humans and destroys liver and red blood cells as it reproduces.

d. Must have a mosquito to reproduce.

i. Controlling this protozoan requires controlling the mosquito population.

c. Fungus-like protists.

i. Characteristics:

1. “Sort of like” fungi.

2. Reproduce by spores.

a. Fungi also reproduce by spores.

3. Heterotrophs.

a. Fungi are also heterotrophs.

4. Able to move at some point in their lives.

a. Fungi are not able to move at some point in their lives.

ii. Three types:

1. Water molds and downy mildews.

a. Live in water or moist places.

b. Grow as tiny threads that look like a fuzzy covering.

c. Attack fish and crops.

i. Water mold caused the Irish Potato Famine from 1845-1846.

1. Destroyed potato crops upon which he Irish depended on to survive.

2. One million people died!

a. Many emigrated to Canada and Europe to escape the famine.

2. Slime molds.

a. Live in moist soil and on decaying plants and trees.

b. Move like ameba.

i. Form pseudopods.

c. Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms.

d. Bodies shine (glisten)

e. Large enough to be seen without a microscope.

i. Under a microscope though, cytoplasm can be seen oozing.

f. When food supply decreases or the environment changes, slime mold:

i. Comes together.

ii. Produces spores.

1. When conditions are good again, slime mold will grow from the spore.

2. Produces a new generation of slime molds.

g. See figure 6, p. 224 for illustration.

d. Plant-like protists.

i. Called ALGAE.

ii. Characteristics.

1. Autotrophs.

2. Can be found living in:

a. Soil.

b. Bark of trees.

c. Freshwater.

d. Saltwater.

3. Can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular.

a. Colonial:

i. Organism where single celled organisms work together to function somewhat like a multicellular organism.

ii. Colonies can contain from four to thousands of cells.

4. Pigments.

a. Color compounds that capture light energy.

i. Colors include:

1. Red.

2. Green.

3. Yellow.

4. Brown.

5. Orange.

6. Black.

iii. Algae types:

1. Euglenoids.

a. Characteristics.

i. Green.

ii. Unicellular.

iii. Found mostly in freshwater.

iv. Autotrophs when light is present, heterotrophs when light is not present.

1. Prefer light.

v. Moving using two flagella.

1. Short flagella and long.

vi. Eyespot.

1. Patch of light sensitive pigments.

2. Allows it to find areas in the water where light exists.

2. Dinoflagellates.

a. Characteristics.

i. Unicellular.

ii. Covered with stiff, armor like plates.

iii. Contain red, green and various other pigments.

iv. Two flagella (prefix di- means “two”).

1. Cause organisms to twirl like top through the water.

v. Some can glow.

1. Look like fireflies on ocean surface at night.

3. Diatoms.

a. Characteristics:

i. Unicellular.

ii. Glass-like walls.

iii. Found in fresh and saltwater.

1. Float on surface or attached to objects.

iv. Move by oozing slime then gliding on the slime.

v. Is a major food source for heterotrophs in the water.

1. Often referred to as plankton.

4. Green algae.

a. Characteristics.

i. Unicellular or Multicellular.

1. Some are colonial.

ii. Often referred to as green seaweed.

iii. Live in fresh or saltwater.

1. Land green algae found at the base of trees or in moist soils.

5. Red algae.

a. Characteristics.

i. Multicellular.

ii. Found growing in depths below 260 meters.

1. Not much light.

2. Red color allows it to absorb the small amount of light that enters the deep ocean.

b. Human use.

i. Carrageenan.

1. Substance extracted from red algae.

a. Used as a smoothing agent for ice cream and hair conditioners.

2. Also eaten fresh, dried or toasted in Asian culture.

6. Brown algae.

a. Characteristics.

i. Commonly called seaweed.

ii. Brow, green, yellow and orange pigments.

iii. Plantlike structures.

1. Holdfasts.

a. Anchor algae to rocks.

2. Stalks.

a. Support blades.

3. Leaf-like structures.

a. Not true leaves like plants.

4. Gas-filled air sacs.

a. Helps plant float upright in water.

iv. Flourishes in cool, rocky waters.

1. Pacific and Atlantic coast of N. America.

2. Forms forests.

b. Human uses:

i. Harvested for substance called algin.

ii. Used as a thickener in salad dressing and pudding.

II. Algal blooms.

a. Algal blooms.

i. Rapid growth of a population of algae.

ii. Large numbers of algae can produce toxins which can kill other organisms.

b. Saltwater blooms.

i. Often called red tides.

1. Pigment of algae cells causes water to have a red appearance.

a. Due to large numbers of algae.

2. Water can appear brown, green and colorless.

3. Dinoflagellates and diatoms are two algae that frequently bloom making red tides.

ii. What causes a red tide?

1. Increase in nutrients in the water.

2. Increase in ocean temperature.

iii. Dangers of the red tide.

1. Toxins algae produce become concentrated in bodies of organisms that eat the algae.

a. Shellfish.

b. Fish.

2. Larger predators and humans that eat these animals become very ill or even die.

a. Public health officials prohibit swimming and fishing during red tides.

3. Red tides are becoming more common.

a. Scientists use satellites to track how red tides move in ocean currents.

b. Warnings can be issued if conditions are right for red tides.

c. Freshwater blooms.

i. Eutrophication.

1. Natural process where nutrients build up over time causing and increase in the growth of algae.

2. Human activity can cause ponds and lakes to undergo eutrophication.

a. Runoff fertilizer from nearby farms/houses.

b. Leaking septic systems.

ii. Consequences of eutrophication.

1. Algae grow rapidly covering the surface of a pond/lake.

2. Plants and other creatures depending on sunlight underneath water are shaded out and die.

3. Bacteria breaking down the organisms grow to large numbers using up oxygen in the lake.

4. Fish die due to lack of oxygen.

5. Most organisms in the lake die except for the algae on top.

iii. How to stop algal blooms.

1. Eliminate sources of excess nutrients.

a. Laundry detergents are now phosphate free as they used to be a major cause of algae blooms.

b. Limit use of fertilizers to minimum levels.

i. Farms, but more importantly home lawns.

1. Excess fertilizers can wash into storm drains, which typically empty in local lakes and ponds.

III. Fungi.

a. What are fungi?

i. Characteristics.

1. Unicellular or multicellular.

2. Three characteristics all share:

a. Eukaryotes.

b. Reproduce by spores.

c. Heterotrophs.

3. Thrive in moist, warm places.

a. Food, tree barks, lawns coated with dew, damp forests, wet bathroom tiles.

ii. Cell structure.

1. Hyphae.

a. Threadlike tubes.

i. Contain cytoplasm and nuclei.

b. Arrangement of hyphae different in some fungi:

i. Loosely tangled (like those growing on food).

ii. Tightly packed (like mushrooms.

2. Mushroom structure.

a. Cap.

i. Top of the mushroom.

b. Stalk.

i. Supportive structure of the mushroom.

ii. Made of tightly packed hyphae.

iii. Underground hyphae attaches mushroom to surface it is growing through.

1. Underground hyphae unseen.

2. When fungi reproduce, hyphae grow quickly to produce the fruiting body (mushroom).

b. How do fungi obtain food?

i. Process.

1. Fungus grows hyphae into food.

2. Digestive chemicals ooze from hyphae.

3. Chemical digest the food into small substances.

4. Small substance absorbed into the hyphae.

ii. Way of feeding.

1. Saprophytes.

a. Organisms that feed off dead and decaying material.

2. Parasites.

a. Organisms that feed off another living thing causing harm to it.

b. Example: fungi that cause athletes foot and ringworm feed off chemical in the skin.

c. Reproduction in fungi.

i. Asexual reproduction.

1. When conditions are good, fungi reproduce asexually.

a. Means offspring are genetically identical to parent.

b. Reproduce by spores.

c. Fungi produce thousands of spores.

i. Only a few spores will land in conditions favorable to growth.

ii. Spores produce on fruiting bodies.

1. Reproductive hyphae produce spores on fruiting body.

2. Some fruiting bodies are the parts of the fungi that can be seen, in others spores grow on stalks (bread molds).

2. Yeast bud.

a. Budding

i. Small yeast cell grows off the body of the parent.

ii. When cell gets big enough, it breaks free and lives on its own.

ii. Sexual reproduction.

1. Reproduction occurs when conditions become unfavorable for the fungi growth.

2. Hyphae of two fungi grow together and exchange their DNA.

3. A new spore producing structures grows where the hyphae are joined together.

4. Structure produces spores that will grow into offspring that are different from the parents.

d. Classification of fungi.

i. Classified based on the shape of their spore producing structures.

ii. The four groups:

1. Threadlike fungi.

a. Produce spores on threadlike hyphae.

b. Include bread mold (Rhizopus) and dung fungi (Pilobus).

2. Sac fungi.

a. Produce spores in sac shape fungi.

b. Include yeast, morels, and truffles.

c. Aspergillus (soy sauce) and Penicillium.

3. Club fungi.

a. Produce spores in club-like structures.

b. Include bracket fungi, rusts and smuts, and puffballs.

4. Imperfect fungi.

a. Fungi with no sexual reproduction.

b. Include fungi that cause ringworm and athletes foot.

e. Fungi and the living world.

i. Environmental recycling.

1. Breakdown chemicals in dead organisms.

a. Called decomposers (saprophytes).

2. Put these simple chemicals into the soil.

a. Plants use the chemicals grow.

b. Food chain starts over because of fungi.

3. Without fungi, the planet would be buried in dead organisms.

ii. Food and fungi.

1. Yeast.

a. Bread, alcoholic drinks (wine and beer), ethanol for cars.

2. Blue cheese.

a. Blue streaks are the fungi Penicillium roqueforti.

3. Some mushrooms can be eaten.

a. Other poisonous and kill people that eat them.

iii. Disease causing fungi.

1. Corn smut and wheat rust.

2. Athlete’s foot and ringworm.

a. Spread easily from person to person.

b. Stopped with an antifungal (substances that kill or slow the growth of fungus).

iv. Disease fighting fungi.

1. Alexander Flemming.

a. Discovered fungi growing on Petri dishes he was growing bacteria on.

b. Found fungi growing on the Petri dishes were keeping bacteria from growing.

c. Isolated the chemical Penicillin which was used to treat bacterial infections.

d. Many antibiotics since them have been developed which have saved millions of lives.

v. Fungus and plant roots.

1. Fungi called mycorrhizae grow among plant roots allowing the plant roots to spread out further underground.

a. The fungi help the plant absorb more water and nutrients than the root could alone.

b. In return, the fungi get extra food from the plant.

c. Called MUTUALISM.

i. Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from one another.

1. Plant = more water and nutrients.

2. Fungus = food.

2. Orchids.

a. Flowers.

b. Depend on fungal partners to survive.

vi. Lichens.

1. Mutualistic relationship between a fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.

a. Algae = gets water, minerals and shelter from the fungi.

b. Fungi = gets food produces by the algae.

2. Pioneer species.

a. Name given to the first organisms to begin growing on bare rock.

b. Rock is broken down by the fungi releasing minerals needed by the algae.

c. As the lichen die, they mix with small pieces of rock forming small amounts of soil.

i. Soil allows plants to grow which further break down the soil allowing more plants to grow.

ii. These plants eventually attract and support animals.

iii. This leads to bare volcanic islands being covered with plants and wildlife over time.

3. Lichens are sensitive to pollution.

a. Too much air pollution causes lichens to die.

b. These can be used by scientists to monitor air quality.

Answer 7

No