Sexual coercion is a significant problem in college dating relationships. Shook, Gerrity, Jurich, and Segrist (2000) found that in a college sample, 82% reported using verbally coercive and 21% reported using physically coercive behaviors against a dating partner in the last year. Other research has found similarly high rates of sexual coercion (e.g., Jenkins & Aube, 2002; Koss & Oros, 1982; Russell & Oswald, 2001, 2002). Though much of the initial research focused on men as aggressors and women as victims, and statistics indicate that this situation is a major social problem, recently researchers have begun to acknowledge that women are also coercive in their intimate relationships (e.g., Anderson & Struckman-Johnson, 1998; Archer, 2000). This growing body of research suggests that both men and women report engaging in a wide range of coercive tactics to obtain sex within the context of a dating relationship. The goal of this study is to examine participants' perceptions of the actors and their behaviors when they are sexually coercive on a date.
Sexual coercion is conceptualized to include a variety of tactics used to obtain sexual acts or intercourse from an unwilling partner. The behaviors range on a continuum that includes verbal pressure and threats and the use of physical force to obtain sexual acts, such as kissing, petting, or intercourse. Research on college heterosexual dating relationships has found a high rate of coercion and aggression perpetrated against women. Koss and Oros (1982) found that in their sample of college men, 23% reported obtaining sexual intercourse by threatening to end the relationship, 20% reported using some degree of physical force to obtain sex acts, and 3% reported having used physical force to obtain intercourse. More recently, Russell and Oswald (2002) found similar results; 36% of college men in their sample reported engaging in at least one sexually coercive behavior in a dating relationship.
As unromantic and pragmatic as it may seem, nature's programming of our brains to select out and respond to stimuli as sexually compelling or repelling simply makes good reproductive sense"(1) . Recent studies have indicated that certain physical characteristics stimulate a part of the brain called the hypothalamus, which is followed by sensations such as elevated heart rate, perspiration, and a general feeling of sexual arousal. So what visual queues instigate these feelings of sexual arousal in men? How does it differ from what women find attractive? "A preference for youth, however, is merely the most obviously of men's preferences linked to a woman's reproductive capacity"(2). The younger the female the better the capacity for reproduction, hence attributes that males find attractive and contingent on signs of youthfulness. "Our ancestors had access to two types of observable evidence of a woman's health and youth: features of physical appearance, such as full lips, clear skin, smooth skin, clear eyes, lustrous hair, and good muscle tone, and features of behavior, such as a bouncy, youthful gait, and animated facial expressions"(2) . Cross-cultural studies have found that men, despite coming from different countries find similar traits attractive in females. Men's preferences are biologically and evolutionarily hardwired to find signs of youth and health attractive in women in order to determine which females are best suited to carry on their gene, and legacy. Healthier and more youthful women are more likely to reproduce, and be able to take care of the children after birth, hence ensuring a perpetuation of the male's gene.
Despite most people's lofty notions of equality, and beauty being in the eye of the beholder, we are all susceptible to certain physical, and material traits that make some humans more desirable than others. Perhaps we cannot punish ourselves for our weakness when we see beautiful and successful people, part of the answer lies in the biology and evolution of humans. Males and females have different standards for a desirable mate, and we share many of these characteristics with other animals in the animal kingdom, yet these instincts are inherent for a reason: reproduction.
Scientist's have also been establishing that scent plays an important role in deeming females attractive. At certain points during their menstrual cycle women produce more or less estrogen accordingly. During certain times thought the menstrual cycle their sent can be more or less appealing to males. "A research team reports in the Aug. 30 NEURON that the brains of men and women respond differently to two putative pheromones, compounds related to the hormones testosterone and estrogen. When smelled, an estrogen like compound triggers blood flow to the hypothalamus in men's brains but not women's, reports Ivanka Savic of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm"(3) .
Men are not the only ones subject to biological predispositions in deeming attraction. "Women are judicious, prudent, and discerning about the men they consent to mate with because they have so many valuable reproductive resources to offer"(2) . Men produce sperm by the thousands, yet women produce about 400 eggs in their lifetime, and the trials of pregnancy and child rearing are long and arduous, hence their preferences and what they find sexually attractive in a male are based more on security and longevity of relationships. Athletic prowess is an important attribute to most women that hearkens back to the beginning of man. An athletic and well-muscled male is more likely to be a good hunter hence provide for a family. Large and athletic male can also provide physical protection from other males.
Our ways of living and loving have changed radically in the last decade. Today men and women are thrust together on the job, sharing the workplace in equal numbers and, increasingly often, as professional peers. Work is becoming a major source of intimate interaction between them as they daily share the physical proximity of working side by side, the stimulation of professional challenge, and the powerful passions of accomplishment and failure.
Like every other kind of intimacy, the workplace variety brings with it the likelihood of sexual attraction. It is natural. It is inevitable, hard-wired as we are to respond to certain kinds of stimuli, although it sometimes comes as a surprise to those it strikes. But sexual attraction in the office is virtually inevitable for other reasons as well: The workplace is an ideal pre-screener, likely to throw us together with others our own age having similar socioeconomic and educational backgrounds, similar sets of values, and similar aspirations.
2007-01-24 22:16:07
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answer #5
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answered by ? 6
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