trace developmant of the mughal empire, the ottoman empire, and the safavid empire.?

Question

find common characteristics
find similar conditions of development
conditiond leading to their downfalls

time period1200s-1700s

Answer 1

The Mughal Empire grew out of descendants of the Mongol Empire who were living in Turkestan in the 15th century. They had become Muslims and assimilated the culture of the Middle East, while keeping elements of their Far Eastern roots.

They also retained the great military skill and cunning of their Mongol ancestors, and were among the first Western military leaders to guns.

Babur

Jewelled archway in Humayun's tumb in Delhi ©
Babur the first Mughal Emperor, was a descendent of Genghis Khan and Tamerlaine.

Babur succeeded his father as ruler of the state of Farghana in Turkestan when he was only 12, although he was swiftly deposed by older relatives.

Babur moved into Afghanistan in 1504, and then moved on to India, apparently at the invitation of some Indian princes who wanted to dispose of their ruler. Babur disposed of the ruler, and decided to take over himself.

He captured the Turkic Ghur'iat Sultanate of Delhi in 1526, imposing his rule on most of Northern India.

The Empire he founded was a sophisticated civilisation based on religious toleration. It was a mixture of Persian, Mongol and Indian culture.

Under Babur Hinduism was tolerated and new Hindu temples were built with his permission.

Trade with the rest of the Islamic world, especially Persia and through Persia to Europe, was encouraged.

The importance of slavery in the Empire diminished and peace was made with the Hindu kingdoms of Southern India.

Babur brought a broadminded, confident Islam from central Asia. His first act after conquering Delhi was to forbid the killing of cows because that was offensive to Hindus.

Babur may have been descended from brutal conquerors, but he was not a barbarian bent on loot and plunder. Instead he had great ideas about civilisation, architecture and administration.
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The Safavid Empire (1501-1722)

The Safavid Empire was based in what is today Iran.

This Islamic Empire was strong enough to challenge the Ottomans in the west and the Mughals in the east.

Summary
The Safavid Empire lasted from 1501-1722
It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia
The Safavid Empire was a theocracy
The state religion was Shi'a Islam
All other religions, and forms of Islam were suppressed
The Empire's economic strength came from its location on the trade routes
The Empire made Iran a centre of art, architecture, poetry and philosophy
The capital, Isfahan, is one of the most beautiful cities in the world
The key figures in the Empire were:
Isma'il I
Abbas I
The Empire declined when it became complacent and corrupt
Origins
The Empire was founded by the Safavids, a Sufi order that goes back to Safi al-Din (1252-1334). Safi al-Din converted to Shi'ism and was a Persian nationalist. The Safavid brotherhood was originally a religious group.

Over the following centuries the brotherhood became stronger, by attracting local warlords and by political marriages. It became a military group as well as a religious one in the 15th century.

Many were attracted by the brotherhood's allegiance to Ali, and to the 'hidden Imam'.

In the 15th century the brotherhood became more militarily aggressive, and waged a jihad (Islamic holy war) against parts of what are now modern Turkey and Georgia.

The Safavid Empire dates from the rule of Shah Ismail (ruled 1501-1524).

In 1501, the Safavid Shahs declared independence when the Ottomans outlawed Shi'a Islam in their territory. The Safavid Empire was strengthened by important Shi'a soldiers from the Ottoman army who had fled from persecution.

When the Safavids came to power, Shah Ismail was proclaimed ruler at the age of 14 or 15, and by 1510 Ismail had conquered the whole of Iran.
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While it is difficult to find exact reasons for the rise of the Ottoman empire, except that there must have been skilled leaders, sufficient economic backing and probably weaknesses among the enemies; it is much easier to point at when the fall of the empire commenced, and its causes.
But let's start with the rise: There are 2 main explanation theories. The first is that the community of the Turko-Mongol warriors had grown strong enough to exercise its force. The good organization lead to a number of victories that could be further exploited to even more victories, and gain of land. The actual rise of the empire was gradual, and for half a century their own forces were enough to gain more land and then keep it. And as the indigenous forces proved to small, a system of forced conscription stated, but with effective recompense for the involved.
The second theory states that religious zeal made the Muslim warriors wage a jihad, holy war, against the Christian Byzantine empire in the west. While this theory has a lot of value for explaining the start of the empire, it cannot explain how the empire continued to grow over the next 4 centuries.
There are numerous reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire. The dominating reason, is that neighbour powers had grown stronger over the centuries. They had built stronger institutions, introduced modern arms, infrastructure and administration.
On the Ottoman side, however, many things had frozen in old structures, development on Ottoman territories was limited.
More than that, Ottoman institutions were often not working as smoothly as they used to.
But there were more things not working as they should have: The sultans since Süleyman had often been less apt to their role; more and more power had moved into the hands of the kapikulli class; the trade routes running through the empire was no longer as important for Europe, and hence yielded less income; the population had grown big and had become less controllable; cities had become weaker. By the time of the 19th century, the European mock name of the empire was correct: The sick man of Europe.
The Ottoman Empire tried to correct all the weaknesses, but it proved to be too late. It was during the times of the reform process, Tanzimat, that the empire lost the most of its territory.
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Answer 2

Ottoman Empire, 1299 to 1923, centered in modern day Turkey, including part of Northern Africa, the Holy Land, the Baltic States, Greece, and parts of Arabia. Mughal Empire, 1526–1858, centered in modern day India, included Pakistan, Bangladesh. Afghanistan. Safavid Royal Dynasty of Iran, 1501–1736, centered in modern day Iran, including Iraq. They happened at different times, with different people, different races, different places, some Christian, some Muslim, there's very little similarities between the three.

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Answer 3

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