federalist 51 question?

Question

what does James Madison refer to when he says:
"There are but two methods of providing against this evil: the one by creating a will in the community independent of the majority -- that is, of the society itself; the other, by comprehending in the society so many separate descriptions of citizens as will render an unjust combination of a majority of the whole very improbable, if not impracticable. " is he referring to the factions?

Answer 1

Ok in a nutshell, he is referring to the rights and power of the minority of a community. That is not race or gender based. Minority in his usage means the voices of those that disagree with the majoirty.

In his statement he is saying to empower the voice of that disagreebale minority by:
1. Letting them feel empowered enough to have a valid voice.
2. Breaking up a specific community in to regions enough that each region will have a powerful voice. (electorate)

Overall, his emphasis is on not letting the majority leave those few that oppose it not have a voice.

Answer 2

The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments

Answer 3

no. he's referring to the politics of regionality. that is, different areas or regions have different political needs. only when agreements can be worked out will the possibility of a minority of leaders be impossible to gain absolute power. thus, regardless of individual opinions, the majority will usualy be able to keep things under control, but the minority will alway be able to expose injustice. once injustice is exposed, the majority will seek to eliminate it.