History help?

Question

Define these?
"Birds of Passage"
Political Machine
Graft
Civil Service

Answer 1

Many of the millions of immigrants who arrived into the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did so with the intention of returning to their villages in the Old World. Known as "birds of passage," many of these eastern and southern European migrants were peasants who had lost their property as a result of the commercialization of agriculture. They came to American to earn enough money to allow them to return home and purchase a piece of land. As one Slavic steelworker put it: "A good job, save money, work all time, go home, sleep, no spend."

Many of these immigrants came to America alone, expecting to rejoin their families in Europe within a few years. From 1907 to 1911, of every hundred Italians who arrived in the United States, 73 returned to the Old Country. For Southern and Eastern Europe as a whole, approximately 44 of every 100 who arrived returned back home.

Answer 2

Can't help with the first but:-

Political machine - organisation put in place by a political party to ensure its success, usually at election times - sending out leaflets, canvassing etc. Can work in the background other than at election times, keeping members of the party 'on message', spinning news stories, etc.

Graft - money paid to an party, or to an elected person, either directly or in kind, by a third, unelected party. The purpose being to obtain political favours required by that third party.

Civil Service - the unelected bureaucracy of Government, necessary to carry out Government's will. Does not change when politicians change, but is made up of career individuals.

Answer 3

Do you mean "Rites of passage"?

Answer 4

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