Any information of species of dinoflagellates? Please!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?

Answer 1

In 1993 Fensome and Taylor linked dinoflagellates to their cysts emphasising the tabulation/paratabulation in their classification. Dinoflagellates are classified as Protists within the division Dinoflagellata, most of the members of this division are charcterised by having, during at least one part of their life cycle, a motile stage with two dissimilar flagella. Two subdivisions are recognised, of which the Dinokaryota possess a dinokaryon (the typical dinoflagellate nucleus) during at least part of their life cycle. Within the Dinokaryota the class Dinophyceae encompasses taxa with a permanent dinokaryon and contains all known fossils (though for the fossils, of course, the relationship is assessed by means other than the character of the nucleus). Within the Dinophyceae three subclasses are palaeontologicaly important, the Gymnodinophycidae, the Peridiniphycidae and the Dinophysiphycidae. Within the subclass Peridiniphycidae the orders Gonyaulacales and Peridiniales contain most of the known fossil dinoflagellates.

dinoflagellates species

Cenozoic

Spiniferites bentori
Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura
Impagidinium patulum
Hystrichokolpona rigaudae
Nematosphaeropsis labyrinthea
Lingulodinium machaerophoram
Achomosphaera ramulifera
Alisocysta margarita
Phelodinium magnificum
Hystrichosphaeridium tubiferum
Deflandrea oebisfeldensis
Cerodinium wardenense
Thalassiphora pelagica
Cordosphaeridium gracile
Cordosphaeridium inodes
Operculodinium centrocarpum
Spniferites ramosus granosus
Spiniferites membranaceus
Achomosphaera ramulifera
Areoligera senonensis
Glaphyrocysta ordinata
Apectodinium homomorphum

Answer 2

I am not sure if you want a list of species. They are marine microscopic organisms. Some are bioluminescent. It is a very large and diverse group of plankton.

Several species are responsible for red tide - which kills and poisons all fish in its path. "The number of different species of dinoflagellates in an aggregation during a red tide tends to be minimal, suggesting competition among different dinoflagellate species. Certain dinoflagellates secrete ectocrines, hormones that subdue other dinoflagellate species. Dinoflagellates often phagocytize other dinoflagellates. Many factors determine why one species dominates, and the relationships lack resolution as of yet, but the appearance of one predominant species in a net tow should not be too surprising. "

Answer 3

Dinoflagellates are huge massive Dinosaurs that specialized in farting. They were responsible for emitting huge volcanic like eruptions that caused the massive extinction so that mammals could have a chance and evolve man, the next homosepienflagullation species that are now creating global warming.... another mass extinction occurring as we are alive, today.

All kidding aside, there are primitive microbes called dinoflagelettes. They have complex life cycles and live in close proximity to a community of algae and bacteria. They actually glow. See resource article, below:

Answer 4

The dinoflagellates are a large group of flagellate protists. Most are marine plankton, but they are common in fresh water habitats as well; their populations are distributed depending on temperature, salinity, or depth. About half of all dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, and these make up the largest group of eukaryotic algae aside from the diatoms. Being primary producers make them an important part of the aquatic food chain. Some species, called zooxanthellae, are endosymbionts of marine animals and protozoa, and play an important part in the biology of coral reefs. Other dinoflagellates are colorless predators on other protozoa, and a few forms are parasitic.

Morphology
Most dinoflagellates are unicellular forms with two dissimilar flagella. One of these extends towards the posterior, called the longitudinal flagellum, while the other forms a lateral circle, called the transverse flagellum. In many forms these are set into grooves, called the sulcus and cingulum. The transverse flagellum provides most of the force propelling the cell, and often imparts to it a distinctive whirling motion, which is what gives the name dinoflagellate refers to (Greek dinos, whirling). The longitudinal acts mainly as the steering wheel, but providing little propulsive force as well.

Dinoflagellates have a complex cell covering called an amphiesma, composed of flattened vesicles, called alveoli. In some forms, these support overlapping cellulose plates that make up a sort of armor called the theca. These come in various shapes and arrangements, depending on the species and sometimes stage of the dinoflagellate. Fibrous extrusomes are also found in many forms. Together with various other structural and genetic details, this organization indicates a close relationship between the dinoflagellates, Apicomplexa, and ciliates, collectively referred to as the alveolates.

The chloroplasts in most photosynthetic dinoflagellates are bound by three membranes, suggesting they were probably derived from some ingested alga, and contain chlorophylls a and c and fucoxanthin, as well as various other accessory pigments. However, a few have chloroplasts with different pigmentation and structure, some of which retain a nucleus. This suggests that chloroplasts were incorporated by several endosymbiotic events involving already colored or secondarily colorless forms. The discovery of plastids in Apicomplexa have led some to suggest they were inherited from an ancestor common to the two groups, but none of the more basal lines have them.

All the same, the dinoflagellate still consists of the more common organelles such as rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lipid and starch grains, and food vacuoles. Some have even been found with light sensitive organelle such as the eyespot or a larger nucleus containing a prominent nucleolus.


[edit] Life-cycle
Dinoflagellates have a peculiar form of nucleus, called a dinokaryon, in which the chromosomes are attached to the nuclear membrane. These lack histones and remained condensed throughout interphase rather than just during mitosis, which is closed and involves a unique external spindle. This sort of nucleus was once considered to be an intermediate between the nucleoid region of prokaryotes and the true nuclei of eukaryotes, and so were termed mesokaryotic, but now are considered advanced rather than primitive traits.

In most dinoflagellates, the nucleus is dinokaryotic throughout the entire life cycle. They are usually haploid, and reproduce primarily through fission, but sexual reproduction also occurs. This takes place by fusion of two individuals to form a zygote, which may remain mobile in typical dinoflagellate fashion or may form a resting dinocyst, which later undergoes meiosis to produce new haploid cells.

However, when the conditions become desperate, usually starvation or no light, their normal routines change dramatically. Two dinoflagellates will fuse together forming a planozygote. Next is a stage not much different from hibernation called hypnozygote when the organism takes in excess fat and oil. At the same time its shape is getting fatter and the shell gets harder. Sometimes even spikes are formed. When the weather allows it, these dinoflagellates break out of their shell and are in a temporary stage, planomeiocyte, when they quickly reforms their individual thecae and return to the dinoflagellates at the beginning of the process.


Image of bioluminescent red tide event of 2005 at a beach in Carlsbad California showing brilliantly glowing crashing waves containing billions of Lingulodinium polyedrum dinoflagellates. The phenomenon is thought to have something to do with quorum sensing.
[edit] Ecology and fossils
Dinoflagellates sometimes bloom in concentrations of more than a million cells per millilitre. Some species produce neurotoxins, which in such quantities kill fish and accumulate in filter feeders such as shellfish, which in turn may pass them on to people who eat them. This phenomenon is called a red tide, from the color the bloom imparts to the water. Some colorless dinoflagellates may also form toxic blooms, such as Pfiesteria. It should be noted that not all dinoflagellate blooms are dangerous. Bluish flickers visible in ocean water at night often come from blooms of bioluminescent dinoflagellates, which emit short flashes of light when disturbed.

Dinoflagellate cysts are found as microfossils from the Triassic period, and form a major part of the organic-walled marine microflora from the middle Jurassic, through the Cretaceous and Cenozoic to the present day. Arpylorus, from the Silurian of North Africa was at one time considered to be a dinoflagellate cyst, but this palynomorph is now considered to be part of the microfauna. It is possible that some of the Paleozoic acritarchs also represent dinoflagellates.


[edit] Cautions
The same Red Tide mentioned above is more specifically produced when dinoflagellates are able to reproduce rapidly and copiously on account of the abundant nutrients in the water. Although the resulting red waves are a miraculous sight, they, again, contain toxins that not only affect all marine life in the ocean but the people who consume them as well. A specific carrier is shellfish. This can introduce both non-fatal and fatal illnesses. Human inputs of phosphate further encourage these red tides, and consequently there is a strong interest in learning more about dinoflagellates, from both medical and economic perspectives.


[edit] Classification
In 1753 the first modern Dinoflagellates were described by Baker and named by Muller in 1773. These same dinoflagellates were first defined by Otto Bütschli in 1885 as the flagellate order Dinoflagellida. Botanists treated them as a division of algae, named Pyrrhophyta ("fire algae"; Greek pyrrhos, fire) after the bioluminscent forms, or Dinophyta. At various times the cryptomonads, ebriids, and ellobiopsids have been included here, but only the last are now considered close relatives. Dinoflagellates have a known ability to evolve from non-cyst to cyst forming strategies which makes it nearly impossible to recreate their evolutionary history.