Describe how a CSMA/CD network functions.?

Answer 1

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)

Ethernet uses a refinement of ALOHA, known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), which improves performance when there is a higher medium utilisation. When a NIC has data to transmit, the NIC first listens to the cable (using a transceiver) to see if a carrier (signal) is being transmitted by another node. This may be achieved by monitoring whether a current is flowing in the cable (each bit corresponds to 18-20 milliAmps (mA)). The individual bits are sent by encoding them with a 10 (or 100 MHz for Fast Ethernet) clock using Manchester encoding. Data is only sent when no carrier is observed (i.e. no current present) and the physical medium is therefore idle. Any NIC which does not need to transmit, listens to see if other NICs have started to transmit information to it.

However, this alone is unable to prevent two NICs transmitting at the same time. If two NICs simultaneously try transmit, then both could see an idle physical medium (i.e. neither will see the other's carrier signal), and both will conclude that no other NIC is currently using the medium. In this case, both will then decide to transmit and a collision will occur. The collision will result in the corruption of the frame being sent, which will subsequently be discarded by the receiver since a corrupted Ethernet frame will (with a very high probability) not have a valid 32-bit MAC CRC at the end.

Collision Detection (CD)

A second element to the Ethernet access protocol is used to detect when a collision occurs. When there is data waiting to be sent, each transmitting NIC also monitors its own transmission. If it observes a collision (excess current above what it is generating, i.e. > 24 mA for coaxial Ethernet), it stops transmission immediately and instead transmits a 32-bit jam sequence. The purpose of this sequence is to ensure that any other node which may currently be receiving this frame will receive the jam signal in place of the correct 32-bit MAC CRC, this causes the other receivers to discard the frame due to a CRC error.

To ensure that all NICs start to receive a frame before the transmitting NIC has finished sending it, Ethernet defines a minimum frame size (i.e. no frame may have less than 46 bytes of payload). The minimum frame size is related to the distance which the network spans, the type of media being used and the number of repeaters which the signal may have to pass through to reach the furthest part of the LAN. Together these define a value known as the Ethernet Slot Time, corresponding to 512 bit times at 10 Mbps.

When two or more transmitting NICs each detect a corruption of their own data (i.e. a collision), each responds in the same way by transmitting the jam sequence. The following sequence depicts a collision:

at time t=0, a frame is sent on the idle medium by NIC A.

A short time later, NIC B also transmits. (In this case, the medium, as observed by the NIC at B happens to be idle too).

After a period, equal to the propagation delay of the network, the NIC at B detects the other transmission from A, and is aware of a collision, but NIC A has not yet observed that NIC B was also transmitting. B continues to transmit, sending the Ethernet Jam sequence (32 bits).

After one complete round trip propagation time (twice the one way propagation delay), both NICs are aware of the collision. B will shortly cease transmission of the Jam Sequence, however A will continue to transmit a complete Jam Sequence. Finally the cable becomes idle.

Answer 2

CD means Collision Detection, you are referring to how Ethernet works right? CSMA/CD says that Ethernet packets are to be sent randomly.

A scenario of 4 machines on one network, A B C D, A is sending data to C and B to D, at the same time, the first moment A and B intend to send, they sensed that each other is using network line, without resolving priority, they each back off, try it in a random moment later, hopefully they won't choose the same moment and end up the same situation again.

Answer 3

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