name 2 famous female scientist and what there famous for?

Answer 1

10. Emilie de Breteuil

1706-1749
France-scholar
Breteuil was a brilliant child. her father noticed this at the age of only 4 years old. Many tutors were paid to teacher her since education was not a common thing for woman. By the age of ten she read Cicero, did mathematics, and metaphysics. Even more spectacular, by the age of twelve she could speak six languages and translated Aristotle from Greek to Latin. Her greatest achievements are her translations of Newton and Liebniz. She was the first person to translate Newton from Latin to French. Not only did she translated it but she added her own commentary and explanations for his work. She also wrote about Liebniz discoveries and compared them to Newton. In doing this she expressed her ideas on both Newton and Liebniz. Throughout her career she was faced with many gender biased obstacles. These did not stop her though. Finally, although she was busy translating she always had time for her love life. She had many affairs. Especially, a well known one with Voltaire, a philosopher and composer. Bretueil was a woman before her time.

Links

http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chatelet.html

http://www.visitvoltaire.com/emilie_du_chatelet_bio.htm

http://www.orst.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/chatelet.html

http://odi.iap.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/conny/ausstellung/wissrev.htm

http://members.mint.net/frenchcx/origins4.htm



11. Laura Bassi
1711-1778
Italy-physicist
She was an Italian physicist who had her own lab and studied electricity. Volta (Volts) followed her work.

Links for more information

The Hypatia institute" http://www.geocities.com/vidkid_allison/laura/bassi.html
Wertheim, Margaret. Pythagoras' trousers: God, physics, and the Gender Wars. New York: W.W. Norton and company, 1995 (pp 137-140).
http://vms.www.uwplatt.edu/~wise/bassi/bassi.html
http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/whm2001/bassi.html
http://www.smart.it/Bologna/mappa.html
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/1836/laura/bassi.html



12. Maria Gaetana Agnesi
1718-1799
Italy-mathematician
She was recognized as a child prodigy and one of her solutions for an algebraic equation is still found in today's textbooks. The solution follows a curve now called the "Witch of Agnesi".

13. Molly Ockett
1744-1816
USA-healer
She was an American Indian who healed people.

14. Caroline Herschel
1750-1848
Germany/England-astronomer
She and her brother discovered Uranus.

15. Marie Sophie Germain
1776-1831
France-mathematician
Marie Germain was born in Paris. Her father, a silk merchant, was Ambrois-Francois Germain. Her mother was Marie-Madeleine Grugueli. She was the middle child of three. At the age of thirteen, Sophie was extremely happy to become a mathematician by
learning about the death of Archimedes (other mathematician who wanted to be who loved math very much). When she started to study math, her parents discouraged her by taking away her clothes and lights. Sophie was determined to be a mathematician, though she had many faults. Sophie parents finally gave in to letting her accomplish her goals and become a mathematician. Sophie got accepted to Ecole Polytechnique with the help of Professor Joseph-Louis Lagrange. Along with being a mathematician, Sophie was a scientist too. Over the years she became a famous mathematician. In 1829 Sophie was diagnosed with breast cancer and died two years later at age 55.

16. Florence Nightingale

1820-1910
Italy/England-nurse
She was a nurse during a time that nursing was not a popular, looked down upon, job. However, she enjoyed it and gave it her all. During the Crimean War, nurses were needed and she was able to get 38 other woman to follow her to the front and help the wounded. After this war she was considered a hero because of all her effort. Due to all of her work, she came down posttraumatic stress disorder.

Links

www.florence-nightingale.co.uk

17. Mary Edwards Walker
1832-1919
New York, USA-physician
She received the Medal of Honor in 1866 for her work in the American Civil War. She was the first and only civilian/woman to receive this medal.

Links

http://ngeorgia.com/people/walker.html

http://www.northnet.org/stlawrenceaauw/walker.htm

http://lala.essortment.com/marywalker_rbry.htm

18. Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming
1851-1911
Scotland/USA-astronomer
Born May 15, 1857 in Dundee, Scotland, Williamina was an extraordinary astronomer,
wife, and mother. In 1877 Williamina wed James Fleming and she and her new husband
immigrated to Boston, MA. In 1879 Williamina,now a single parent, became employed as a maid in the home of Professor Edward Pickering who was the director of the Harvard
Observatory. Williamina's great astronomical career started when Prof. Pickering
found his male students to be incompetent and decieded Williamina was to take over
the clerical task and mathematical calculations. She devised a system of classifying
stars according to their spectra, which is a distintive pattern produces by each star
when its light is passed through a prism. She discovered 59 nebulae, over 300
variable stars, and 10 novae, which are today classified as the Draper Catalogues of
Stellar Spectra. In 1906 Williamina became the first American women elected to the
Royal Astronomical Society. She went on to publish a total of 222 variable stars
that she discovered in 1907. Williamina never attended college or recieved any type
of training from Prof. Pickering and she died on May 21,1911 at the early age of 54

19. Kate Gleason
1865-1933
New York, USA-engineer
She was the first woman to be admitted into the Cornell University engineering program. She was also the first woman member of the Rochester Engineering Society. She received full membership into the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. She was also given many other awards. One of her biggest influences was the American Susan B. Anthony. She did not have any huge discoveries, but her awards out weigh this small fact.

Links

http://winningthevote.org/KGleason.html
http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/GLEASON.html
http://www.gleason.com/GWR/GWRhistory.html

20. Beatrix Potter
1866-1943
USA-mycologist/writer
Beatrix Potter is best known for her many children's storybooks, such as, "The Tale of Peter Rabbit" or "The Tale of Benjamin Bunny." These stories have enlightened us for many years. Did you know that besides being a gifted writer and painter, Beatrix was also a scientist?

Beatrix Potter was born July 28, 1866 in London, England. At an early age, Beatrix had an obvious talent for drawing. She made detailed drawings of plants and animals. Her interests in botany, entomology, geology and paleontology were only surpassed by her interest in mycology (the study of fungi). For years, she collected specimens, identified and dissected them, then painted them in minute detail, creating over 300 drawings of mushrooms alone. She even developed theories on mold spores and lichens.

Encouraged by her uncle, Henry Roscoe, Beatrix published her first scientific paper, "On the Germination of the Spores of Agaricineae." Her paper was presented to the Linnaean Society of London by a man, because in those days women were not allowed to attend the society meetings. Unfortunately, her paper was rejected. The rejection was terribly disappointing to Beatrix, but it propelled her creativity into another direction…writing her wonderful children's storybooks.


Denyer, Susan, At Home with Beatrix Potter, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, NY, 2000.

Grienstein, Alexander, The Remarkable Beatrix Potter, International Universities Press, Inc., Madison, CT, 1995.

Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science, V 2, p. 1044-1045.

www.visitcumbria.com., "Beatrix Potter"

21. Marie Curie
1867-1934
Poland/France-chemist
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw in 1867 she was the daughter of secondary school teacher she received her education in local schools and some scientific training from her father. In 1891 she went to Paris to continue her studies at the Sorbonne where she obtained her license in physics and mathematical sciences. Later she met her soon to be husband Pierre Curie a professor at the school of Physics in 1894 that following year they were married. Her husband and Marie began to work in the same lab together until one day her husband was killed in a tragic accident. After that she began to work in the lab by herself and pursued her discovery and discovered a new element Radium. Marie won several awards. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize for her discovery. In fact, she won two Nobel Prizes and her daughter also won a Nobel Prize for her scientific discoveries. Marie Curie was a very prestigous woman of science.

22. Emily Noether
1882-1935
Germany-mathematician
Emmy Noether was born in Erlangen, South Germany on March 23, 1882. In 1889 she
attended the Stadtischen Hoheren Tochterschule (Municipal School for Higher Education
of Daughters). Emmy had an challenging education life due to the fact that the
University of Erlangen did not accept women into the university. In 1900 she
transfered to Gottingen where she enrolled as a Hospitant (auditor). On July 14,
1903, Emmy took the Reiferprufung which is, an examination entitling the graduate to
enter a university of his choice. On October 24, 1904 she enrolled in the university
of Erlangen matriculating as student #468, women were now being accepted and had the
same rights as men. In 1909 Emmy was granted the second degree given to a women in
mathematics. After World War I, Emmy was offered a position at the University of
Gottingen inwhich she helped 2 collegues define one of Eintein's theories, but she
was not paid for her work. Three years later, Emmy was offered a salary and began
teaching as a lecturer for the first time. Emmy Noether later taught at Bryn Mawr
College until her death in 1935. Her work was on abstract algebra, which she paid
special attention to rings, groups, and fields. She published over 40 papers
throught her life time.

23. Maria Mayer
1906-1972
Germany/USA-physicist
Mayer was a physicist that worked on the shell structure of the atom. She was the one that determined the shell structure for where the electrons are placed. Her model is one that most teachers use when explaining the stucture of an atom. Mayer put a definition to the phrase " Magic Number.She also helped out the atomic bomb project with her discovery in the separation of isotopes oif Uranium. One interesting fact about her is that she told her children that the bomb was being made for Hitler and not to kill innocent people. Finally she receved a Nobel prize for her work in physics.

24. Rachel Carson
1907-1964
Pennsylvania, USA-environmentalist
Rachel Carson's major work has been in making society aware of the affects of DDT to our water supply and our wildlife. She worked for Bureau of Fisheries before she start her main campaign and research. Along with her research she wrote several books that involved her views on DDT. Her best known book is called Silent Spring. This book illustrates the dangers that may come from the use of DDT on crops. After her death, The Environmental Defense Fund was started in her name. This has been the main charge behind the ban of DDT and other pesticides on crops and fields in the United States. She was also named to the Ecology Hall of Fame and to the Top 20 Most Influential Scientists and Thinkers for the Twentieth Century. She was a very bright woman and fought for the environment.

Links

http://lkwdpl.org/wihohio/cars-rac.htm
http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/PA_Env-Her/rachel.htm
http://webtext.library.yale.edu/sgml2html/beinecke.carson.
sgm.html
http://www.rachelcarsonhomestead.org/rebio.html
http://www.edf.org/pubs/EDF-Letter/1994/May/n
earlyedf.html



25. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
1910-1994
Egypt-chemist
She was the first person to discover the crystalline structure present in insulin, penicillin and vitamin B-12. For this discovery she was awarded a Nobel Prize.

Links

www.engr.psu.edu/wep/engcompsp98/aclausi.hodgkin

www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1964/hodgkin-bio

members.aol.com/jfallon302/hodgkin

26. Chien-Shiung Wu
1912-1997
China/USA-nuclear physicist
She was an Experimental Nuclear Physicist. Born outside of Shanghai, China in 1912, Chien-Shiung learned the importance of family. Her father opened the region's first school for girls, and her mother begged parents to stop binding their daughter's feet and send them to school. Chien-Shiung's parents did all they could to give their daughter the education she needed. After graduation, Chien-Shiung sailed to the United States to go to graduate school. Once she got her Ph.D., Chien-Shiung became Princeton's first female professor. She then went to Colombia University and got onto the scientific staff for the Division of War Research where she worked on the Manhattan Project. Chien-Shiung tackled subatomic particles and developed an experiment to investigate their decay. The men leading the investigation received Nobel Prizes for their work, but Chien-Shiung did not. Over the course of her life, Chien-Shiung! received many other awards such as the National Medal of Science in 1975. After retiring from physics in 1981, she continued to lecture in Taiwan and China to encourage women to go into science. Chien-Shiung died in New York City in 1997.

27. Gertrude B. Elion
1918-1999
New York, USA-chemist
She discovered many anti cancer drugs. Contributed greatly to the area of cancer research. Given many honorary doctorate degrees, and Nobel Prize Winner. Lived from Jan 23,1918 to Feb. 21, 1999.

28. Rosalind Elsie Franklin
1920-1957
England-molecular biologist
She shared her research with James Watson and Francis Crick who later discovered the structure of DNA and won the Nobel Prize for it. Although this discovery was due in part to her work she never received any of the credit.

Sayre Anne: Rosalind Franklin and DNA. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. New York. 1975.

http://crystal.csufresno.edu

http://www.rdg.ac.uk/~scsharip/refpubs.htm

http://www.physics.ucla.edu

http://www.eden.rutgers.edu/~cluther/paper.html

http://www.library.thinkquest.org/20465/franklin.html

http://www.busd.K12.co.us/schools/cent/Newspaper/feb99/stories/frankli

29. Jewel Plummer Cobb
1924-present
Illinois, USA-biologist/physiologist
She studied the bodily effects that chemotherapy had on normal, non-cancerous cells.
She also researched the effects that other drugs had on the human body. Cobb is a great women and minority advocate that has helped many discriminated individuals find the funding to attend school. Finally, she is honored with 41 horary doctorates as well as numerous awards.

30. Evelyn Boyd Granville
1924-present
USA-mathematician
She was one of five valedictorians in high school class. Her favortie subject through all of her schooling was math. She went to Yale, where she received her Masters. She was only the second woman in the United States to recieve a Ph.d in mathematics. Her most memorable achievement would be that she worked for IBM on a team that was responsible for the formulation of orbit computations and computer procedures for NASA.

Links

program.http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/GRANVILLE.html

http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/granville.html

http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/granvill.htm



31. Jane Goodall
1934-present
England/Africa-wildlife researcher

Jane Goodall
Jane Goodall was born on April 3, 1934, in London, England. On her second birthday, Jane' s father bought her a life-like toy chimpanzee named Jubilee. Even now, Jubilee is part of Jane's life.

Jane's fascination with animals began at an early age, and she dreamed of going to Africa to study and live with animals. When she was 23 years old, Jane traveled to Kenya to visit a childhood friend. While there, she was introduced to Dr. Louis Leakey, a renowned paleontologist and anthropologist. She studied with Dr. Leaky for a year, and she astounded him with her endless knowledge of animals and their behavior. Dr. Leakey asked Jane to study the chimpanzees of the Gombe Stream Reserve in Africa. Though she had no scientific training in animal study, Dr. Leakey realized that she had an insatiable curiosity about the animal world, a strong determination to find answers, and the necessary patience to await their discovery. She would spend the next 30 years in Gombe learning the ecology of wild chimpanzees.

Jane challenged scientific protocol by giving the chimps names instead of assigning them numbers. She was the first to discover the concept of "tool use" amongst animals, when she witnessed the chimpanzees using straws to pull termites from the nest.

Nowadays, Dr. Goodall spends almost 300 days a year lecturing, teaching and encouraging young people to take informed and compassionate action to improve the environment of all living creatures great and small. You can visit her website at www.janegoodall.com to learn more about the mission of the Jane Goodall Institute and what steps you can take to help chimpanzees.

References/links
Goodall, Jane. Beyond Innocence, The Later Years. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York. 2001.

Goodall, Jane. Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 1990.

Lindsay, Jennifer. Jane Goodall: 40 Years at Gombe, A Tribue to Four Decades of Wildlife Research, Education, and Conservation. Stewart, Tabori & Chang, New York. 1999.

www.janegoodall.com

Answer 2

McClintock, Barbara
McClintock, Barbara, 1902–92, American geneticist. She discovered that certain genetic material, “transposable elements,” shifted its location in the chromosomes from generation to generation. At first ignored, her research was later recognized as a major contribution to DNA research. In 1983 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.



Mae C. Jemison

physician, astronaut
Born: 10/17/1956
Birthplace: Decatur, Ala.

Astronaut Mae Jemison became the first African-American woman to enter space when she served on the crew of the Space Shuttle Endeavor in September 1992. Jemison's life, however, is also full of terrestrial accomplishments. A high school graduate at the age of 16, she attended Stanford University on a scholarship, graduating with a B.S. degree in chemical engineering and having fulfilled the requirements for an A.B. in African and Afro-American Studies. After graduating from medical school (Cornell University, 1981), Jemison joined the Peace Corps, serving as its area medical officer from 1983 to 1985 in the West African countries of Sierra Leone and Liberia. After serving in NASA from 1987 to 1993, Jemison founded The Jemison Group, Inc., which developed ALAFIYA, a satellite-based telecommunications systems intended to improve health care delivery in developing nations. She also was a professor in the Environmental Studies Program at Dartmouth College, where she directed the Jemison Institute for Advancing Technology in Developing Countries.



I hope this will help...

Answer 3

Marie Curie discovered Radium and Polonium. Caroline Herschel discovered Uranus along with her brother.

Answer 4

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Answer 5

Marie Curie - discovering radium

Answer 6

So many to chose from these days - Susan Blackmore is one of my favs - she is a psychologist who has done a lot of research explaining paranormal experiences. Then, looking back in history you could have Caroline Hershel, the astronomer.

Answer 7

Marie Curie - discovered radium

and..can't think of another one..sorry..

Answer 8

marie curie for developing radiography

Answer 9

marie curie, radiation(x-ray)
sorry you got me one that one

Answer 10

marie currie and whatser name ya know who i mean.............