What do you people know about blood?

Question

For I science project

Answer 1

Blood is a highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma. The cellular constituents are: red blood cells, which carry respiratory gases and give it its red color because they contain hemoglobin (an iron containing protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues in the body), white blood cells (leukocytes), which fight disease, and platelets, cell fragments which play an important part in the clotting of the blood. Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato- (BE: haemo- and haemato-) from the Greek word "haima" for "blood." Anatomically, blood is considered a connective tissue from both its origin in the bones and its function.[edit] Functions
Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobin which is carried in red cells)
Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins)
Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea and lactic acid
Immunological functions, including circulation of white cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies
Coagulation, which is one part of the body's self-repair mechanism
Messenger functions, including the transport of hormones and the signalling of tissue damage
Regulation of body pH
Regulation of core body temperature
Hydraulic functions, including erection (see also jumping spider)
Problems with blood composition or circulation can lead to downstream tissue dysfunction. The term ischaemia refers to tissue which is inadequately perfused with blood.

The blood is circulated around the lungs and body by the pumping action of the heart. Additional return pressure may be generated by gravity and the actions of skeletal muscles. In mammals, blood is in equilibrium with lymph, which is continuously formed from blood (by capillary ultrafiltration) and returned to the blood (via the thoracic duct). The lymphatic circulation has been called the "second circulation".


[edit] Anatomy of mammalian blood
Blood is composed of several kinds of cells (occasionally called corpuscles); these formed elements of the blood constitute about 45% of whole blood. The other 55% is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, appearing yellow in color.


A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of normal circulating human blood. One can see red blood cells, several white blood cells including knobby lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil, and many small disc-shaped platelets.The normal pH of human arterial blood is approximately 7.40 (normal range is 7.35-7.45), a weak alkaline solution. Blood that has a pH below 7.35 is acidic, while blood pH above 7.45 is alkaline. Blood pH along with arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and HCO3 readings are helpful in determining the acid-base balance of the body. The respiratory system and urinary system normally control the acid-base balance of blood as part of homeostasis. Blood is about 7% of the human body weight,[1] so the average adult has a blood volume of about 5 litres, of which 2.7-3 litres is plasma. Human blood density is around 1060 kg/m³.[2] The combined surface area of all the red cells in the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's exterior surface.[citation needed]

The cells are:

Red blood cells or erythrocytes (96%). In mammals, mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and organelles. They contain the blood's haemoglobin and distribute oxygen. The red blood cells (together with endothelial vessel cells and some other cells) are also marked by glycoproteins that define the different blood types.
White blood cells or leukocytes (3.0%), are part of the immune system; they destroy infectious agents, pathogens.
Platelets or thrombocytes (1.0%) are responsible for blood clotting (coagulation). They change fibrinogen into fibrin. This fibrin creates a mesh onto which red blood cells collect and clot. This clot stops more blood from leaving the body and also helps to prevent bacteria from entering the body
Blood plasma is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma proteins, and trace amounts of other materials. Some components are:

Serum albumin
Blood clotting factors (to facilitate coagulation)
Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Hormones
Carbon Dioxide
Various other proteins
Various electrolytes (mainly sodium and chlorine)
Together, plasma and cells form a non-Newtonian fluid whose flow properties are uniquely adapted to the architecture of the blood vessels.

The term serum refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the protein remaining is albumin and immunoglobulins.


[edit] Physiology of blood

[edit] Production and degradation
Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow; the process is termed hematopoiesis. The proteinaceous component (including clotting proteins) is produced overwhelmingly in the liver, while hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and the watery fraction regulated by the hypothalamus and maintained by the kidney and indirectly by the gut.

Blood cells are degraded by the spleen and the Kupffer cells in the liver. The liver also clears some proteins, lipids and amino acids. The kidney actively secretes waste products into the urine. Erythrocytes usually live up to 120 days before they are systematically replaced by new erythrocytes created by the process of hematopoiesis.


[edit] Transport of oxygen
See Oxygen transportation.

Blood oxygenation is measured in several ways, but the most important measure is the hemoglobin (Hb) saturation percentage. This is a non-linear (sigmoidal) function of the partial pressure of oxygen. About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at normal pressure is chemically combined with the Hb. Only 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to Hb. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species (for exceptions, see below).

With the exception of pulmonary and umbilical arteries and their corresponding veins, arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and deliver it to the body via arterioles and capillaries, where the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, venules and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Differences in infrared absorption between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood form the basis for realtime oxygen saturation measurement in hospitals and ambulances.

Under normal conditions in humans at rest, haemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98-99% saturated with oxygen. In a healthy adult at rest, deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs is still approximately 75% saturated.[3][4] Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood, which can reach less than 15% in a trained athlete; although breathing rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95% or less under these conditions.[5] Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual at rest (for instance, during surgery under anesthesia): "As a general rule, any condition which leads to a sustained mixed venous saturation of less than 50% will be poorly tolerated and a mixed venous saturation of less than 30% should be viewed as a medical emergency."[6]

A fetus, receiving oxygen via the placenta, is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures (about 20% of the level found in an adult's lungs) and so fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen (hemoglobin F) in order to extract as much oxygen as possible from this sparse supply.[7]

Substances other than oxygen can bind to the hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause irreversible damage to the body. Carbon monoxide for example is extremely dangerous when absorbed into the blood. When combined with the hemoglobin, it irreversibly makes carboxyhemoglobin which reduces the volume of oxygen that can be carried in the blood. This can very quickly cause suffocation, as oxygen is vital to many organisms (including humans). This damage can occur when smoking a cigarette (or similar item) or in event of a fire. Thus carbon monoxide is considered far more dangerous than the actual fire itself because it reduces the oxygen carrying content of the blood.


[edit] Insects
In insects, the blood (more properly called hemolymph) is not involved in the transport of oxygen. (Openings called tracheae allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly to the tissues). Insect blood moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products in an open system.


[edit] Small invertebrates
In some small invertebrates like insects, oxygen is simply dissolved in the plasma. Larger animals use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory protein found in nature. Hemocyanin (blue) contains copper and is found in crustaceans and mollusks. It is thought that tunicates (sea squirts) might use vanabins (proteins containing vanadium) for respiratory pigment (bright green, blue, or orange).

In many invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates they are contained in specialized red blood cells, allowing for a higher concentration of respiratory pigments without increasing viscosity or damaging blood filtering organs like the kidneys.


[edit] Deep sea invertebrates
Giant tube worms have extraordinary hemoglobins that allow them to live in extraordinary environments. These hemoglobins also carry sulfides normally fatal in other animals.


[edit] Transport of carbon dioxide
When systemic arterial blood flows through capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood. Some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood. Some carbon dioxide reacts with hemoglobin and other proteins to form carbamino compounds. The remaining carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions through the action of RBC carbonic anhydrase. Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions.


[edit] Transport of hydrogen ions
Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin has a much greater affinity for H+ than does oxyhemoglobin so it binds most of the hydrogen ions.


[edit] Color
In humans and other hemoglobin-using creatures, oxygenated blood is bright red. This is due to oxygenated iron in the red blood cells. Deoxygenated blood is a darker shade of red, which can be seen during blood donation and when venous blood samples are taken. However, due to an optical effect caused by the way in which light penetrates through the skin, veins typically appear blue in color. This has led to a common misconception that venous blood is blue before it is exposed to air. Another reason for this misconception is that medical charts always show venous blood as blue in order to distinguish it from arterial blood which is depicted as red on the same chart.

The blood of horseshoe crabs is blue, which is a result of its high content in copper-based hemocyanin instead of the iron-based hemoglobin found, for example, in humans.


[edit] Provision of force
In mammals the restriction of blood flow is commonly used as a temporary provision of force, as in an erection.


[edit] Health and disease

[edit] Ancient Medicine
Hippocratic medicine considered blood one of the four humors (together with phlegm, yellow bile and black bile). As many diseases were thought to be due to an excess of blood, bloodletting and leeching were a common intervention until the 19th century (it is still used for some rare blood disorders).

In classical Greek medicine, blood was associated with air, springtime, and with a merry and gluttonous (sanguine) personality. It was also believed to be produced exclusively by the liver.


[edit] Diagnosis
Blood pressure and blood tests are amongst the most commonly performed diagnostic investigations that directly concern the blood.


[edit] Pathology
See also: Blood diseases
Problems with blood circulation and composition play a role in many diseases.

Wounds can cause major blood loss (see bleeding). The thrombocytes cause the blood to coagulate, blocking relatively minor wounds, but larger ones must be repaired at speed to prevent exsanguination. Damage to the internal organs can cause severe internal bleeding, or hemorrhage.
Circulation blockage can also create many medical conditions from ischemia in the short term to tissue necrosis and gangrene in the long term.
Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's clotting mechanisms. This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but more commonly results in hemarthrosis, or bleeding into joint spaces, which can be crippling.
Leukemia is a group of cancers of the blood-forming tissues.
Major blood loss, whether traumatic or not (e.g. during surgery), as well as certain blood diseases like anemia and thalassemia, can require blood transfusion. Several countries have blood banks to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a blood type compatible with that of the donor.
Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus which causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact between blood, semen, or the bodily secretions of an infected person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to blood-borne infections, bloodstained objects are treated as a biohazard.
Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis. Viral Infection is viremia. Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood-borne parasitic infections.

[edit] Treatment
Blood transfusion is the most direct therapeutic use of blood. It is obtained from human donors by blood donation. As there are different blood types, and transfusion of the incorrect blood may cause severe complications, crossmatching is done to ascertain the correct type is transfused.

Other blood products administered intravenously are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate and specific coagulation factor concentrates.

Many forms of medication (from antibiotics to chemotherapy) are administered intravenously, as they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract.

As stated above, some diseases are still treated by removing blood from the circulation.

It is the fluid part of the blood that saves lives where severe blood loss occurs, other preparations can be given such as ringers atopical plasma volume expander as a non-blood alternative, and these alternatives where used are rivalling blood use where used.


[edit] Mythology and religion
Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendance, rather than marriage. This bears closely to bloodlines, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as "Blood brother". Blood is given particular emphasis in the Jewish and Christian religions because (Leviticus 17:11) says "the life of a creature is in the blood."

The differences in sugars and protein sequences sets human blood apart from animal blood and this has been used as an argument for creation in religious circles.


[edit] Indo-European paganism
Among the Germanic tribes (such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings), blood was used during the sacrifices, the Blóts. The blood was considered to have the power of its originator and after the butchering the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called bleodsian in Old English and the terminology was borrowed by the Roman Catholic Church becoming to bless and blessing. The Hittite word for blood, ishar was a cognate to words for "oath" and "bond", see Ishara. The Ancient Greeks believed that the blood of the Gods, ichor, was a mineral that was poisonous to mortals.


[edit] Judaism
In Judaism, blood cannot be consumed even in the smallest quantity (Leviticus 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in Jewish dietary laws (Kashrut). Blood is purged from meat by salting and pickling.

Other rituals involving blood are the covering of the blood of fowl and game after slaughtering (Leviticus 17:13); the reason given by the Torah is: "Because the life of every animal is [in] his blood" (ibid 17:14), although from its context in Leviticus 3:17 it would appear that blood cannot be consumed because it is to be used in the sacrificial service (known as the korbanot), in the Temple in Jerusalem. Blood (the blood of a lamb) was also the means for antonement of sins for the Jews.

Ironically, Judaism has historically been the religion to be most affected by blood libels.


[edit] Christianity
Main article: Eucharist
Some Christian churches, including Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, branches of Anglicanism, and the Moravian Church, teach that when consecrated the Eucharist wine becomes the material Blood of Jesus. Thus in the consecrated wine (now the Most Precious Blood of Christ), Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present. This teaching is rooted in the Last Supper as written in the four gospels of the Bible, in which Jesus stated to his disciples that the bread which they ate was his body, and the wine was his blood. "This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you." (Luke 22:20). Various forms of Protestantism, especially those of a Wesleyan or Presbyterian lineage, teach that the wine is no more than a symbol of the blood of Christ, who is not physically but spiritually present. Blood (the blood of Jesus Christ) is also seen as the means for atonement for sins for Christians. Lutheran theology teaches that the body and blood is present together "in, with, and under" the bread and wine of the eucharist feast. Mormons believe that before Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, blood was not present in their bodies. It is said to have formed after the Fall when they became mortal.


[edit] Islam
Consumption of food containing blood is forbidden by Islamic dietary laws.


[edit] Jehovah's Witnesses
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and blood
Jehovah's Witnesses do not eat blood or accept tranfusions of whole blood or its four major components namely, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and whole plasma. Members are instructed to personally decide whether or not to accept fractions, and medical procedures that involve their own blood.


[edit] Vampire legends
Vampires are fictional beings thought to cheat death by drinking the blood of the living. This myth is mostly inspired by European folklore based on the stories regarding Vlad III the Impaler and rare variations of dementia specific to the region.[citation needed]


[edit] Chinese and Japanese culture
In Chinese culture, it is often said that if a man's nose produces a small flow of blood, this signifies that he is experiencing sexual desire. This often appears in Chinese-language and Hong Kong films. This is also evident in Japanese culture and is parodied in anime and manga. Male characters will often be shown with a nosebleed if they have just seen a female nude or in little clothing, or if they have had an erotic thought or fantasy.[citation needed]


[edit] Art
Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art.[8] In particular, the performances of Viennese Actionist Hermann Nitsch, Franko B, Lennie Lee, Ron Athey, Yang Zhichao and Kira O' Reilly along with the photography of Andres Serrano, have incorporated blood as a prominent visual element. Marc Quinn has made sculptures using frozen blood, including a cast of his own head made using his own blood

Answer 2

(Me Blood...Blood...blunder Gandalf: "Under 'Mankind' ?") Wizard Gandalf: "Puffin, There Is NO Q. Whatsoever of The Detectives being 'too busy' { Smile Yahoos: You Are IN A Movie just likeThe F.B.I. Yeap !}. Everyone in Shanghai, the most Important People in this community Are Extremely anxious about Father, and Very Concerned To Have The Matter Cleared Up. I Mean Gentlemen like Mr Forester. And Mr Carmichael. Even {Gandalf} Himself. I Know They Made IT Their Personal Concern... So You See, Puffin, There Is NO Chance At All of The Detectives Giving Anything But Their UpMost... And That's What They Are Doing, Now, At This Very Moment. Do You Realise, Puffin, Inspector {...} Himself Has Been Put In Charge of This Investigation ? Yes, That's RIGHT: Inspector {...} So You See, We've Every Reason To Be Hopeful. " { Michael P. : " I Could Hear My "Mother" Coming ... A Few Steps Towards me, and When She Spoke, a Careful, Deliberate Tone Had...{hm,hm},...Entered Her Voice."} Last 2 Quotes From @Kazuo Ishiguro 2000 "When We Were Orphaned" Faber And Faber Limited 3 Queen Square LondonWC1N 3AU Printed In England by Mackays Of Chatham plc, Chatham, Kent page 109 Voila !

Answer 3

the basics of blood are that it is comprised of 4 major components.

Plasma:
is 90% water and is a transport systen that carries hormones and nutrients and is essential for nourishment and functioning of tissues

Red blood cells:
is produced in bne marrow and contains haemoglobin which carries oxygen and carbon doixide (a waste product of used oxygen).

White blood cells:
is a mobile protection system against infection that can change shape and travel against the flow of blood. Is produced in bone marrow and lymphnodes

Platelets:
prduced in bone marrow and is a cell with no nucleus. it produces a clotting substance to prevent blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged

Answer 4

Depends on exactly what you're talking about.
I know that:
blood is really made up of red blood cells (surprise, surprise), white blood cells, and these fluids I can't remember the names of.
Red blood cells, in blood, has haemoglobin attached on the surface, which makes red blood cells oxygen carriers. (haemoglobin carries oxygen actually)
Blood is either green or red, depending on the level of oxygen it has- red for oxygenated, bluey-green for deoxygenated.
Blood needs to be thin enough to travel through capillaries, vessels, arteries and veins.
"le sang" means "blood" in French! ^_^

Oh and reagans is right: there are also platlets that make up the blood.

Answer 5

genetics?
different types of cells?
blood carried disease?
types, Rh?
more info please.

"Blood" is much to broad for any science project.

Try again.

Answer 6

A heck of a lot. Could you narrow it down a bit?

Answer 7

Two types of blood vessels carry blood throughout our bodies: The arteries carry oxygenated blood (blood that has received oxygen from the lungs) from the heart to the rest of the body. The blood then travels through the veins back to the heart and lungs, where it receives more oxygen. As the heart beats, you can feel blood traveling through the body at your pulse points - like the neck and the wrist - where large, blood-filled arteries run close to the surface of the skin.

The blood that flows through this network of veins and arteries is called whole blood. Whole blood contains three types of blood cells, including:

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
These three types of blood cells are mostly manufactured in the bone marrow (the soft tissue inside our bones), especially in the bone marrow of the vertebrae (the bones that make up the spine), ribs, pelvis, skull, and sternum (breastbone). These cells travel through the circulatory system suspended in a yellowish fluid called plasma (pronounced: plaz-muh). Plasma is 90% water and contains nutrients, proteins, hormones, and waste products. Whole blood is a mixture of blood cells and plasma.

Red blood cells (also called erythrocytes, pronounced: ih-rith-ruh-sytes) are shaped like slightly indented, flattened disks. Red blood cells contain an iron-rich protein called hemoglobin (pronounced: hee-muh-glow-bun). Blood gets its bright red color when hemoglobin in red blood cells picks up oxygen in the lungs. As the blood travels through the body, the hemoglobin releases oxygen to the tissues. The body contains more red blood cells than any other type of cell, and each red blood cell has a life span of about 4 months. Each day, the body produces new red blood cells to replace those that die or are lost from the body.

White blood cells (also called leukocytes, pronounced: loo-kuh-sytes) are a key part of the body's system for defending itself against infection. They can move in and out of the bloodstream to reach affected tissues. The blood contains far fewer white blood cells than red cells, although the body can increase production of white blood cells to fight infection. There are several types of white blood cells, and their life spans vary from a few days to months. New cells are constantly being formed in the bone marrow.

Several different parts of blood are involved in fighting infection. White blood cells called granulocytes (pronounced: gran-yuh-low-sytes) and lymphocytes (pronounced: lim-fuh-sytes) travel along the walls of blood vessels. They fight germs such as bacteria and viruses and may also attempt to destroy cells that have become infected or have changed into cancer cells.

Certain types of white blood cells produce antibodies, special proteins that recognize foreign materials and help the body destroy or neutralize them. When a person has an infection, his or her white cell count (the number of cells in a given amount of blood) often is higher than when he or she is well because more white blood cells are being produced or are entering the bloodstream to battle the infection. After the body has been challenged by some infections, lymphocytes "remember" how to make the specific antibodies that will quickly attack the same germ if it enters the body again.

Platelets (also called thrombocytes, pronounced: throm-buh-sytes) are tiny oval-shaped cells made in the bone marrow. They help in the clotting process. When a blood vessel breaks, platelets gather in the area and help seal off the leak. Platelets survive only about 9 days in the bloodstream and are constantly being replaced by new cells.

Blood also contains important proteins called clotting factors, which are critical to the clotting process. Although platelets alone can plug small blood vessel leaks and temporarily stop or slow bleeding, the action of clotting factors is needed to produce a strong, stable clot.

Platelets and clotting factors work together to form solid lumps to seal leaks, wounds, cuts, and scratches and to prevent bleeding inside and on the surfaces of our bodies. The process of clotting is like a puzzle with interlocking parts. When the last part is in place, the clot happens - but if only one piece is missing, the final pieces can't come together.

When large blood vessels are severed (or cut), the body may not be able to repair itself through clotting alone. In these cases, dressings or stitches are used to help control bleeding.

In addition to the cells and clotting factors, blood contains other important substances, such as nutrients from the food that has been processed by the digestive system. Blood also carries hormones released by the endocrine glands and carries them to the body parts that need them.

Blood is essential for good health because the body depends on a steady supply of fuel and oxygen to reach its billions of cells. Even the heart couldn't survive without blood flowing through the vessels that bring nourishment to its muscular walls! Blood also carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys, and digestive system, from where they are removed from the body.

An interesting thing about blood is that blood cells and some of the special proteins blood contains can be replaced or supplemented by giving a person blood from someone else. This process is called a transfusion. In addition to receiving whole blood transfusions, people can also receive transfusions of a particular component of blood that they need. For example, a person can receive only platelets, red blood cells, or a clotting factor. When a person donates blood, the whole blood can be separated into its different parts and used in this way.

Answer 8

hard to get out of carpets

Answer 9

wiki it.