how do we take the photograph of an electron and an atom and what are the principles involved?

Question

The principle involved and the instrument used are needed

Answer 1

Well it's impossible to get a picture from Electron
But the scientists like Schrodinger got an Indirect picture from atom with of X-Ray Waves

Answer 2

There are serveral obstacles to photographing these small things: they are so small that it takes a very short wave length (high frequency) to get a reflection off the electron or atom; and the so-called Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP), which says we can measure (observe) their location or their momentum, but not both at any given moment, with any certainty.

The wavelength issue means that ordinary light won't do the job, the wavelengths are just too long. So we must turn to even shorter wavelengths and, unfortunately, higher energies. Electron microscopes are the ticket for seeing atoms, the big atoms. But they won't do the job for smaller atoms and, of course, none of the electrons can be seen.

Some really major energies and way shorter wavelengths are needed for electrons and the smaller atoms. Atomic force microscpes (AFM's) are proposed. Check this out:

"By crunching numbers on a supercomputer for six months, University of Utah researchers showed it is possible for an atomic force microscope to make images of the wing-shaped paths of minuscule electrons as they orbit atoms....

The supercomputer calculations showed that to detect an atom's orbitals, the atomic force microscope's tip needs to be within 2 to 3 angstroms of the atoms being scanned -- less than the diameter of an atom. At that distance, the microscope tip becomes sensitive to forces exerted by wing-like orbitals extending at angles from the silicon atom being scanned.

(An angstrom is one 10-billionth of a meter, or one-tenth of a nanometer. An atom is about 3 angstroms wide. A piece of paper is about 1 million angstroms thick.) " [See source.]

The Heisenberg UP [See source.] is yet another issue to overcome. Quanta, like photons and electrons, are jittery. They are always in motion. So electrons are impossible to pin down. The best we can hope for is to see a blur as they pop into and out of real space around their nuclei. Thus, even with AFM's or gamma-ray microscopes, the electrons will be a blur, a cloud, around the silicon atoms proposed for the viewing.

Answer 3

A photograph of an atom (not saying of electrons) is impossible, because a wave length of photons is much larger than atomic dimension. Be they cruelest Gamma rays, they would destroy the atoms, no picture again.