Who said men rule the world? God did not say MAN is the head of the church. Remember the bible (suposidly the word of God) was written by a pegan ruler Constintine to control Christians around 325 ad. Women have always ruled. Women give birth. We are the root of life and we rule. However there are times we need to let the men think they rule. Behind every good man is an even better woman. Men in history have given up their lives even their countries for women. Women have always been honored for being the life givers, way before christians took over. Even Jesus left the church to a woman....lord forbid. Men are just stronger, not smarter...remember with one of these, we can have all of "those" we want! Typically in history from Cleopatria and before, women ruled. Men just like to think they do. (When mama's happy Daddy's happy too!) Women are smarter than men when it comes to the mundane things. We have no need to rule, when we rule the roost. He may lead the people, but we lead him. Remember that. Remember the woman invented the microwave, frozen dinners and canyou believe a wrench! a Railroad, disposiable phones and phone cards, (Also recargable), where would men be!
As you are well aware, women historically have been under-represented in scientific and technical fields. We know that there are multiple reasons for this, one of the main ones being the cultural stereotypes and definitions of women and men, which, in the Western world, are grounded in the religious and political culture and have been institutionalized through our education and socialization over the centuries. Women have been given limited educational opportunities, have been restricted by law from many activities, and have been excluded from professional societies and publications until close to the end of last century. Over the past 100 years, these limitations have begun to be lifted and doors -- and minds -- have begun to open.
In the field of health care, cures and treatments were also patented fairly early. Ann Pike, for example, received a British patent in 1760 for an anti-itch ointment. Many other treatments were developed by women but were never patented; they're known through advertisements in popular magazines and newspapers. Recipes for several of these medications contained natural ingredients which our modern scientific analysis methods have shown to be curative, such as digitalis and natural antibiotics.
A variety of medical instruments and devices were invented and patented by women during the nineteenth century, including sterilization techniques and devices, medical beds and chairs, field ambulances and stretchers, splints, and an improved speculum. The modern intravenous drip was developed by a team which included Justine Wanger, who worked during the first half of this century. She also helped develop resuscitation techniques for victims of electric shock, and cryogenic therapy to destroy cancer cells.
A number of helpful devices for the disabled have also been invented by women, including a watch and a typewriter for the blind, both invented around 1890. In the 1940s and 50s, Lillian Gilbreth, best known for her work with her husband on management and production techniques, designed a model kitchen for the handicapped, developing many of the apparatus and appliances herself. The ubiquitous trash can with the step-on lever to open the lid is her invention. Ruth Handler invented the first prosthesis for mastectomy patients. She's probably better known as the inventor the Barbie doll.
Mechanical inventions by women are frequently ignored, or are credited to men, or are mistakenly assigned to household categories by patent offices. However, women have a long history of inventing and improving sophisticated machines. Women in primitive societies used levers, pulleys, screws, and flywheels. Getting even more primitive, Jane Goodall showed that female chimpanzees select and use tools, such as termite sticks and nut-cracking clubs, more than male chimps do. Classical writers credit Hypatia of Alexandria, who lived in the fourth century A.D., with the invention of the astrolabe for astronomical measurement, an hydrometer to measure specific gravity of liquids, and several other test and measurement instruments. Women also made important contributions to printing technology from early cloth printing to improvements in moveable type design and registration techniques.
From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, we know that women invented and improved machinery and industrial designs. One of our country's earliest successful industries -- the straw bonnet business -- was built on several related inventions, all by women. It began in 1798, with Betsey Metcalf's development of an improved method of braiding straw to make straw bonnets. Metcalf refused to patent her invention, feeling that the publicity would be inappropriate. Instead, she taught the technique freely to anyone who was interested. Her invention formed the basis of a flourishing cottage industry as women and children produced the popular bonnets in homes and schools throughout the Eastern states. Mary Dixon Kies helped the industry expand in 1809 by developing and patenting a process for weaving the straw for bonnets, rather than braiding it. American bonnets were sold widely in both the United States and Europe, and this was one of the few American industries which prospered even during the commercial slump following the War of 1812. Mary Kies was the first woman to receive a U.S. patent after the Patent Act of 1790 was signed, for her straw weaving process.
Women are also credited with at least assisting in the development of the McCormick reaper, Eli Whitney's cotton gin, the Davenport electric motor, the Jacquard loom, the Burden horse shoe machine, and Elias Howe's sewing machine, although all of these inventions are attributed to men. Controversy over who was primarily responsible for these inventions continues to run rampant, especially for the reaper, the cotton gin, and the sewing machine. The sewing machine has a long history of improvements designed and patented by women. Helen Augusta Blanchard alone patented 26 sewing machine improvements during her lifetime. Also in the "household device" category of inventions are the powered dishwasher, invented by Josephine Cochran in 1889, and the rotary washer, one of the most successful early clothes washing machines, patented by Margaret Plunkett Colvin in 1871.
The earliest recorded British women patentee was Sarah Jerome, who received two patents in the 1630's for lumber cutting devices. She was not the only woman actively involved in lumber and construction fields. Tabitha Babbitt, another Shaker woman, invented the circular saw around 1810. Anne Pauline Crepin of Paris patented the bandsaw in 1846, and Henriette Tuyssuzian received a British patent for another bandsaw design in 1881.
The Civil War was a watershed for women inventors in the United States, with more women receiving patents between 1860 and 1865 (86) than in the previous 70 years (72). In the next four years the number more than doubled (to 184), and has kept growing every since. Sarah Mather patented a submarine telescope in 1864 and Henrietta Vansittart invented and patented an improved screw propeller for ships in 1868. Martha Knight developed a machine to produce flat-bottomed paper bags, which was patented in 1870. She also appears to have been the first woman in the U.S. to fight and win a patent suit. A man who had seen the model of her machine stole the design and filed for a patent on it. She took him to court over her patent right. He claimed she couldn't possibly have the mechanical knowledge needed to invent such a complex machine, but Knight presented both witnesses and extensive documentation -- including drawings, sketches, journal entries, and parts of the first model -- which backed up her claim. After her success with the paper bag machine, she went on to develop and patent several other machines, including rotary engines and automatic tools. Martha Coston, who developed and patented a safety flare for ships in her husband's name after his death, also invented the precursor to the flare gun. She patented this design in her own name in 1871. Emily Tassey invented an apparatus for raising sunken vessels, a dredging pump, and an improved siphon pump design, receiving four patents in 1876 alone. Eliza Murfey, another prolific mechanical designer, received 23 patents between 1870 and 1875, including several for materials and processes for packing journals, bearings, and pistons in steam engines. Mary Jane Montgomery was cited in Scientific American in 1903 as a "professional woman inventor." The article mentioned her work on warships and locomotive wheels, but she also was joint holder of a patent for a bridge design, and patented a machine for punching corrugated metal sheets.
As education for women improved and expanded and more women became accepted -- and employed -- by firms such as Westinghouse and Edison, their contributions became more widely recognized. Beulah Louise Henry was hired specifically as an inventor by Nicholas Machine Works in New York City in 1939. Scientific American had listed her as an important inventor as early as 1924. She had her own laboratory and a technical staff at the Nicholas Works and is credited with about 50 individual inventions, many of which also required her to develop the tools and processes needed for their production.
Today, just over 7 percent of U.S. design patents and plant patents, 5.5 percent of chemical technology patents, and 2.7 and 1.6 percent, respectively, of mechanical and electrical patents include a woman inventor. Almost half of the total number of patents granted to women during the last twenty years pertain to chemical technology. A couple of the outstanding examples here include Stephanie Kwolek, who discovered the polymer solvent that led to the development of Kevlar, and Janet Rideout, co-inventor of AZT.
2006-12-28 21:27:03
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answer #1
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answered by danielle Z 7
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