define geneticengineering?

Question

application of geneticengineering

Answer 1

Every gene loci is made of nitrate bases. Every loci represents a particular genetic trait that has a particular phenotypic correspondence like eye colour. For a genetic trait thre can be different alleles for the same trait. Such as for the eye colour loci, thre can be an allele for blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes, red eyes. Genetic enginnering is to preferabbly change the allele on a specific genetic loci for certain favourable looks, phenotypes.

Answer 2

Genetic engineering is one af the most common engineering done by the Biotechnologists for the manufacture of various medicines, drugs, etc.,...

In Genetic-engineering the biotechnologists use the genes from an organism (simply it means use of genes).
Following are the methods for Genetic-engineering :
- Biotechnologist take a foreign genes (i.e., genes from HUMAN BODY) and paste it in the Bacteria.
- Now the Bacteria starts multiplying.
- Again the genes from the bacteria is removed and pasted in organism.
- The extra produced genes can be stored in DNA library or can be used on organism for obtaining the product in large quantity.

Application of Genetic-Engineering:
- in organisms, under plants:
for the manufacture of:
1)Bt cotton
2)Golden rice (which contain a lot of provitamin)
3)Flavr Savr Tomatoes (special from ordinary tomatoes)

- under animal:
for the manufacture of:
1) Goat milk - here, the genes after removal from the bacteria is pasted in the Goat. This goat is called is a Transgenic Goat. The milk given from this goat is used for dissolving Blood Clot in humans. Thus, special from ordinary goat.

Other Applications:
-For DNA finger printing.
it is used for finding the suspect of any illegal act.
- Manufacture of Vaccines for mumps.

Answer 3

Genetic engineering is altering the biology of a living thing by changing its DNA by human design.

Answer 4

genetic engineering
–noun Genetics. 1. the development and application of scientific methods, procedures, and technologies that permit direct manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the hereditary traits of a cell, organism, or population.
2. a technique that produces unlimited amounts of otherwise unavailable or scarce biological product by introducing DNA isolated from animals or plants into bacteria and then harvesting the product from a bacterial colony, as human insulin produced in bacteria by the human insulin gene.

Also called biogenetics.


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[Origin: 1965–70]

—Related forms
genetic engineer.
Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.
American Heritage Dictionary - Cite This Source genetic engineering
n. Scientific alteration of the structure of genetic material in a living organism. It involves the production and use of recombinant DNA and has been employed to create bacteria that synthesize insulin and other human proteins.

genetic engineer n.

(Download Now or Buy the Book) The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
WordNet - Cite This Source genetic engineering

noun
the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism

WordNet® 2.1, © 2005 Princeton University
The American Heritage Science Dictionary - Cite This Source genetic engineering
The science of altering and cloning genes to produce a new trait in an organism or to make a biological substance, such as a protein or hormone. Genetic engineering mainly involves the creation of recombinant DNA, which is then inserted into the genetic material of a cell or virus.


The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Copyright © 2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition - Cite This Source
genetic engineering


The manipulation of DNA to produce new types of organisms, usually by inserting or deleting genes.

Note: Genetic engineering has been developed commercially, with uses such as producing human insulin or bacteria that will keep plants from freezing in a mild frost. It is also used to produce genetically modified organisms.
Note: U.S. courts have ruled that the products of genetic engineering can be patented.
Note: There is often controversy about the risk involved in releasing genetically engineered organisms into the environment.

[Chapter:] Life Sciences


The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary - Cite This Source
Main Entry: genetic engineering
Pronunciation: -"en-j&-'nir-i[ng]
Function: noun
: the group of applied techniques of genetics and biotechnology used to cut up and join together genetic material and especially DNA from one or more species of organism and to introduce the result into an organism in order to change one or more of its characteristics —genetically engineered adjective —genetic engineer noun

Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, © 2002 Merriam-Webster, Inc.
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version) - Cite This Source
genetic engineering noun

the science of changing the genetic features of animals and plants
Arabic: هَنْدّسَه وراثِيَّه
Chinese (Simplified): 遗传工程
Chinese (Traditional): 遺傳工程
Czech: genetické inženýrství
Danish: genteknik
Estonian: geenitehnoloogia
French: ingénierie génétique
Greek: γενετική μηχανική
Hungarian: géntechnológia, génsebészet
Indonesian: rekayasa genetika
Italian: ingegneria genetica*
Latvian: gēnu inženierija
Lithuanian: genų inžinerija
Norwegian: genmanipulering, genteknikk
Polish: inżynieria genetyczna
Portuguese (Brazil): engenharia genética
Russian: генная инженерия
Slovak: genetické inžinierstvo
Slovenian: genetski inženiring
Spanish: ingeniería genética
Swedish: genmanipulation
Turkish: genetik mühendisliği

Answer 5

Mathematically?

Answer 6

genetic enginering is that part of enginering that is occupied with modifying living objects on a cellular level ( plants babies )

Answer 7

Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM) and gene splicing are terms for the process of manipulating genes, usually outside the organism's natural reproductive process.

It involves the isolation, manipulation and reintroduction of DNA into cells or model organisms, usually to express a protein. The aim is to introduce new characteristics or attributes physiologically or physically, such as making a crop resistant to a herbicide, introducing a novel trait, or producing a new protein or enzyme, along with altering the organism to produce more of certain traits. Examples can include the production of human insulin through the use of modified bacteria, the production of erythropoietin in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, and the production of new types of experimental mice such as the OncoMouse (cancer mouse) for research, through genetic redesign.

Since a protein is specified by a segment of DNA called a gene, future versions of that protein can be modified by changing the gene's underlying DNA. One way to do this is to isolate the piece of DNA containing the gene, precisely cut the gene out, and then reintroduce (splice) the gene into a different DNA segment. Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith received the 1978 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their isolation of restriction endonucleases, which are able to cut DNA at specific sites. Together with ligase, which can join fragments of DNA together, restriction enzymes formed the initial basis of recombinant DNA technology.
Applications
The first Genetically Engineered drug was human insulin approved by the USA's FDA in 1982. Another early application of genetic engineering was to create human growth hormone as replacement for a drug that was previously extracted from human cadavers. In 1986 the FDA approved the first genetically engineered vaccine for humans, for hepatitis B. Since these early uses of the technology in medicine, the use of GE has expanded to supply many drugs and vaccines.

One of the best known applications of genetic engineering is that of the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

There are potentially momentous biotechnological applications of GM, for example oral vaccines produced naturally in fruit, at very low cost.

A radical ambition of some groups is human enhancement via genetics, eventually by molecular engineering. See also: transhumanism.


[edit] Genetic engineering and research
Although there has been a tremendous revolution in the biological sciences in the past twenty years, there is still a great deal that remains to be discovered. The completion of the sequencing of the human genome, as well as the genomes of most agriculturally and scientifically important plants and animals, has increased the possibilities of genetic research immeasurably. Expedient and inexpensive access to comprehensive genetic data has become a reality with billions of sequenced nucleotides already online and annotated. Now that the rapid sequencing of arbitrarily large genomes has become a simple, if not trivial affair, a much greater challenge will be elucidating function of the extraordinarily complex web of interacting proteins, dubbed the proteome, that constitutes and powers all living things. Genetic engineering has become the gold standard in protein research, and major research progress has been made using a wide variety of techniques, including:

Loss of function, such as in a knockout experiment, in which an organism is engineered to lack the activity of one or more genes. This allows the experimenter to analyze the defects caused by this mutation, and can be considerably useful in unearthing the function of a gene. It is used especially frequently in developmental biology. A knockout experiment involves the creation and manipulation of a DNA construct in vitro, which, in a simple knockout, consists of a copy of the desired gene which has been slightly altered such as to cripple its function. The construct is then taken up by embryonic stem cells, where the engineered copy of the gene replaces the organism's own gene. These stem cells are injected into blastocysts, which are implanted into surrogate mothers. Another method, useful in organisms such as Drosophila (fruit fly), is to induce mutations in a large population and then screen the progeny for the desired mutation. A similar process can be used in both plants and prokaryotes.
Gain of function experiments, the logical counterpart of knockouts. These are sometimes performed in conjunction with knockout experiments to more finely establish the function of the desired gene. The process is much the same as that in knockout engineering, except that the construct is designed to increase the function of the gene, usually by providing extra copies of the gene or inducing synthesis of the protein more frequently.
'Tracking' experiments, which seek to gain information about the localization and interaction of the desired protein. One way to do this is to replace the wild-type gene with a 'fusion' gene, which is a juxtaposition of the wild-type gene with a reporting element such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) that will allow easy visualization of the products of the genetic modification. While this is a useful technique, the manipulation can destroy the function of the gene, creating secondary effects and possibly calling into question the results of the experiment. More sophisticated techniques are now in development that can track protein products without mitigating their function, such as the addition of small sequences which will serve as binding motifs to monoclonal antibodies.

[edit] Reading List
British Medical Association (1999). The Impact of Genetic Modification on Agriculture, Food and Health. BMJ Books. ISBN 0-7279-1431-6.
Donnellan, Craig (2004). Genetic Modification (Issues). Independence Educational Publishers. ISBN 1-86168-288-3.
Morgan, Sally (2003). Superfoods: Genetic Modification of Foods (Science at the Edge). Heinemann. ISBN 1-4034-4123-5.
Smiley, Sophie (2005). Genetic Modification: Study Guide (Exploring the Issues). Independence Educational Publishers. ISBN 1-86168-307-3