process in biology?

Question

Individuals on low-fat, low-protein diets obtain the bulk of their energy needs from carbs. Complex carbs such as strach & disaccharides such as sucrose (table sugars) are first broken down into glucose. Through a series of metabolic reactions & pathways, the glucose is completely converted to CO2, and the energy it contains is used to produce glucose.

describe this process in detail, using schematic diagrams to explain your answer.

anyone know?

Answer 1

You'd have to copy it from a biochemistry textbook, but basically it goes like this:

First the glucose gets phosphorylated (made into a phosphate ester), isomerized to fructose, then split into two three-carbon compounds, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde.

Glyceraldehyde goes to pyruvic acid, which loses carbon dioxide to give acetic acid.

Acetic acid feeds into the Krebs cycle (also called citric acid cycle), which is a circle of reactions that accept acetic acid and oxygen around the circle and eject carbon dioxide and water.

Also produced in the circle are a number of molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The "combustion" energy from acetic acid provides energy for making these molecules. ATP then goes to other reactions elsewhere to provide energy for them to occur.

Space is limited here, but that's the outline of what you have to find in the biochem. book.

Answer 2

Glucose can be used to make energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (aka the citric acid cycle) and electron transport making ATP. Glucose is first taken through glycolysis (either in the liver or tissues) by being changed to
The steps with enzymes in parethesis and energy products produced to the side
glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (hexokinase) -1 ATP
glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate (phosphohexose lipase)
fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6 phosphate (PFK-1) -1ATP
fructose 1, 6 phosphate to DHAP and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (aldolase), the 6 carbon compound is broken down to 2 3-carbon compounds so the following reactions occur twice for each molecule
glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate to 1, 3 BPG (gly. 3 phosphate hydrogenanse) +2 NADH
1, 3 BPG to 3, PG (bisphosphatase kinase) +2ATP
3 PG to 2 PG (phosphatase mutase)
2 PG to PEP (enolase)
PEP to pyruvate (pyruvate kinase) +2ATP
This is the end of glycolysis. The end net result is 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP and 2NADH.
Before it can enter the Krebs cycle, each pyruvate must be turned into acetyl CoA which is a 2 carbon compound via the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).
Next it enters the Krebs cycle by attaching to OAA forming citrate (citrate synthase).
citrate to isocitrate (aconitase)
isocitrate to alpha ketogluterate (isocitrate dehydrogenase) +2NADH
alpha KG to succinyl CoA (AKG dehydrogenase) +2FADH
succinyl CoA to succinate (succinyl CoA synthetase) +2GTP
succinate to fumerate (succinase)
fumerate to malate (fumerase)
malate to OAA (malate dehydrogenase) +2NADH
Each NADH/FADH goes to the electron transport chain to make 2.5 ATP per NADH molecule and 1.5 ATP for each FADH molecule.

Answer 3

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