which countries?

Question

list the african colonies that won their independence through armed struggle plus their leaders during independence and date of independence?
please help?

Answer 1

In the late nineteenth century, the European imperial powers staged a major "scramble for Africa" and occupied most of the continent, creating many colonial nation states, and leaving only two independent nations: Liberia, an independent state part-settled by African Americans; and Orthodox Christian Abyssinia (known today as Ethiopia). This colonial occupation continued until after the conclusion of World War II, when all the colonial states gradually obtained formal independence.

Colonialism had a destabilizing effect on what had been a number of ethnic groups that is still being felt in African politics. Before European influence, national borders were not much of a concern, with Africans generally following the practice of other areas of the world, such as the Arabian Peninsula, where a group's territory was congruent with its military or trade influence. The European insistence of drawing borders around territories to isolate them from those of other colonial powers often had the effect of separating otherwise contiguous political groups, or forcing traditional enemies to live side by side with no buffer between them. For example, although the Congo River appears to be a natural geographic boundary, there were groups that otherwise shared a language, culture or other similarity living on both sides. The division of the land between Belgium and France along the river isolated these groups from each other. Those who lived in Saharan or Sub-Saharan Africa and traded across the continent for centuries often found themselves crossing borders that existed only on European maps.

In nations that had substantial European populations, for example Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South Africa, systems of second-class citizenship were often set up in order to give Europeans political power far in excess of their numbers. In the Congo Free State, personal property of King Leopold II of Belgium, the native population was submitted to inhumane treatments, and a near slavery status assorted with forced labor. However, the lines were not always drawn strictly across racial lines. In Liberia, citizens who were descendants of American slaves had a political system for over 100 years that gave ex-slaves and natives to the area roughly equal legislative power despite the fact the ex-slaves were outnumbered ten to one in the general population. The inspiration for this system was the United States Senate, which had balanced the power of free and slave states despite the much-larger population of the former.

Europeans often changed the balance of power, created ethnic divides where they did not previously exist, and introduced a cultural dichotomy detrimental to the native inhabitants in the areas they controlled. For example, in what are now Rwanda and Burundi, two ethnic groups Hutus and Tutsis had merged into one culture by the time German colonists had taken control of the region in the nineteenth century. No longer divided by ethnicity as intermingling, intermarriage, and merging of cultural practices over the centuries had long since erased visible signs of a culture divide, Belgium instituted a policy of racial categorization upon taking control of the region, as racial based categorization and philosophies was a fixture of the European culture of that time. The term Hutu originally referred to the agricultural-based Bantu-speaking peoples that moved into present day Rwanda and Burundi from the West, and the term Tutsi referred to Northeastern cattle-based peoples that migrated into the region later. The terms described a person's economic class; individuals who owned roughly 10 or more cattle were considered Tutsi, and those with fewer were considered Hutu, regardless of ancestral history. This was not a strict line but a general rule of thumb, and one could move from Hutu to Tutsi and vice versa.

The Belgians introduced a racialized system; European-like features such as fairer skin, ample height, narrow noses were seen as more ideally Hamitic, and belonged to those people closest to Tutsi in ancestry, who were thus given power amongst the colonized peoples. Identity cards were issued based on this philosophy.

for more in wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Colonialism_and_the_.22scramble_for_Africa.22

Answer 2

Japan a million Ichiro 2 Daisuke Matsuzaka Dominican Republic a million Albert Pujols 7 Alfonso Soriano Venezuela a million Johan Santana 3 Miguel Cabrera u . s . a million Alex Rodriguez 5 Jake Peavy Taiwan a million Chien-Ming Wang 2 Chin-long Hu

Answer 3

Here is a list of colonies with dates, etc. You can do directly to the resource below to do further research. The formatting is not easy so everything collapses left, but there are four columns. You can also see them at the referenced website.

Country Colonial name Colonial power Independence date First head of state
Ethiopia establishment as the
Kingdom of Aksum 1st century BC ?
Liberia Commonwealth of Liberia American Colonization Society July 26, 1847 Joseph Jenkins Roberts
Libya Libya Italy December 24, 1951 Idris
Egypt Egypt Britain 1922/1936/1953 n/a
Sudan Sudan Britain January 1, 1956 Ismail al-Azhari
Tunisia Tunisia France March 20, 1956 Muhammad VIII al-Amin
Morocco Morocco France April 7, 1956 Mohammed V
Ghana Gold Coast Britain March 6, 1957 Kwame Nkrumah
Guinea French West Africa France October 2, 1958 Sékou Touré
Cameroon Cameroun France, Britain January 1, 1960 Ahmadou Ahidjo
Togo French Togoland France April 27, 1960 Sylvanus Olympio
Mali French West Africa France June 20, 1960 Modibo Keita
Senegal French West Africa France June 20, 1960 Léopold Senghor
Madagascar Malagasy Protectorate France June 26, 1960 Philibert Tsiranana
DR Congo Belgian Congo Belgium June 30, 1960 Patrice Lumumba
Somalia Italian Somaliland, British Somaliland Italy, Britain July 1, 1960 Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
Benin French West Africa France August 1, 1960 Hubert Maga
Niger French West Africa France August 3, 1960 Hamani Diori
Burkina Faso French West Africa France August 5, 1960 Maurice Yaméogo
Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire France August 7, 1960 Félix Houphouët-Boigny
Chad French Equatorial Africa France August 11, 1960 François Tombalbaye
Central African Republic French Equatorial Africa France August 13, 1960 David Dacko
Congo French Equatorial Africa France August 15, 1960 Fulbert Youlou
Gabon French Equatorial Africa France August 17, 1960 Léon M'ba
Nigeria Nigeria Britain October 1, 1960 Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Mauritania French West Africa France November 28, 1960 Moktar Ould Daddah
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Britain April 27, 1961 Milton Margai
Tanzania Tanganyika Britain December 9, 1961 Julius Nyerere
Rwanda Ruanda-Urundi Belgium July 1, 1962 Grégoire Kayibanda
Burundi Ruanda-Urundi Belgium July 1, 1962 Mwambutsa IV
Algeria Algeria France July 3, 1962 Ahmed Ben Bella
Uganda British East Africa Britain October 9, 1962 Milton Obote
Kenya British East Africa Britain December 12, 1963 Jomo Kenyatta
Malawi Nyasaland Britain July 6, 1964 Hastings Kamuzu Banda
Zambia Northern Rhodesia Britain October 24, 1964 Kenneth Kaunda
Gambia Gambia Britain February 18, 1965 Dawda Kairaba Jawara
Botswana Bechuanaland Britain September 30, 1966 Seretse Khama
Lesotho Basutoland Britain October 4, 1966 Leabua Jonathan
Swaziland Swaziland Britain September 6, 1968 Sobhuza II
Equatorial Guinea Spanish Guinea Spain October 12, 1968 Francisco Macías Nguema
Guinea-Bissau Portuguese Guinea Portugal September 24, 1973 Luis Cabral
Mozambique Portuguese East Africa Portugal June 25, 1975 Samora Machel
Angola Angola Portugal November 11, 1975 Agostinho Neto
Djibouti French Somaliland France June 27, 1977 Hassan Gouled Aptidon
Zimbabwe Southern Rhodesia Britain April 18, 1980 Robert Mugabe
Namibia South West Africa South Africa March 21, 1990 Sam Nujoma
Eritrea Eritrea Ethiopia May 24, 1993 Isaias Afewerki
South Africa South Africa South Africa (apartheid) April 27, 1994 Nelson Mandela
Sahrawi Republic 1 Spanish Sahara Spain February 27, 1976 El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed