New France?

Question

Why was New France established?
What was the structure of the government?
What was the relation between The Native People?


Thanks!

the subsistence of New France?

Answer 1

17th Century: England and France begin to struggle for control of North America. Those coming want gold/passage to the Orient. Some also want to stay in order to colonize and conduct trade with the natives. The biggest struggle is due to economics. Many early settlements fail due to inability to cope with the climate and the different agricultural conditions (what would grow and how).

New France was established to serve France, and the Counter-Revolution. There was a desire to spread Catholicism throughout the world (preemptive strike against the spread of Protestantism) and when a whole "new" people was discovered in North America, this was seen as an ideal group to proselytize. The Jesuits and some women's missionary societies (Marie de l'Incarnation and so forth) venture to the new world to convert the natives.

The COMPANY OF NEW FRANCE was chartered to administer and settle the colony (200-300 settlers per year). -The cost to bring out one person is hefty at 200 livres/person so the company offloads the responsibility to settle by adopting the SEIGNEURIAL SYSTEM, parceling off some company land to SEIGNEURS and thus giving the job of recruiting settlers to them.

In 1663: Royalist Government comes to New France. Jean-Baptiste Colbert dissolves the Company of New France and the Communauté des Habitants and forms the West India Company.

Judicial System: COUTOUME DE PARIS – CUSTOM OF PARIS. In this system, there were no lawyers and the courts ran (in order):
1. Seigneur – local court
2. Royal courts (one in each of the three cities)
3. Council of Quebec – appeal courts
4. France: Appeal courts (discouraged)

No agencies of representative government in New France. Governor and Intendant must ask the people’s opinions before making major decision. This type of assembly not called frequently. People don’t vote on the matter but can give their opinion.

The most significant French/Native relationship is found between the French and the Iroquois, who were bitter enemies for the first 100 years of French presence in the new world. This is thanks to Samuel de Champlain who unwittingly sets the tone for future French-Iroquois relations. The Montagnais/Algonquins were Champlain’s initial trade partners, until he heard of the Great Lakes and the “Great Huron Confederacy” – Hurons are agricultural natives who know the upper country. Champlain wanted to go further inland and he sets his sights on “Huronia”. Champlain also learned that Hurons, Montagnais, and Algonquins were bitter enemies with the 5-Nation Iroquois (upstate New York area). The Hurons negotiate that they will help Champlain if he will help them in their war against the Iroquois. He agrees and the French join the war.

Champlain shoots and kills three Mohawk chiefs using muskets (first time guns are used against the natives, this changes the idea of Indian warfare). This got the French off on the wrong foot with the 5-Nation Iroquois, which had many repercussions down the road and was the start of much animosity and inter-racial warfare, etc. which lasted until the Great Peace of 1702.

Answer 2

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Answer 3

In 1536, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé peninsula and claimed the land in the name of King Francis I. However, France was initially not interested in backing up these claims with settlement. French fishing fleets, however, continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making alliances with First Nations that would become important once France began to occupy the land.

In 1608, sponsored by Henry IV of France, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec with six families totalling 28 people, the first successful settlement in what is now Canada. Colonization was slow and difficult. Many settlers died early, because of harsh weather and diseases. In 1630, there were only 100 colonists living in the settlement, but, by 1640, there were 359.

Champlain quickly allied himself with the Algonquin and Montagnais peoples in the area, who were at war with the Iroquois. He established strong bonds with the Hurons in order to keep the fur trade alive. He also arranged to have young French men live with the natives, to learn their language and customs and help the French adapt to life in North America. These men, known as coureurs de bois (such as Étienne Brûlé), extended French influence south and west to the Great Lakes and among the Huron tribes who lived there.

The Sovereign Council of New France was a political body appointed by the King of France and consisting of a Governor General, an intendant and a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. All were answering to the French Minister of the Marine. The members of the council were chosen as part of the French nobility.

The introduction of this government cancelled the contract with the Compagnie de la Nouvelle France which apparently, had failed to organize the establishment of thousands of colonists in America.

The institution lasted from its introduction in 1663 to the fall of New France in 1760. Its last meeting occurred on April 28, 1760, day of the Battle of Sainte-Foy.

Iroquois attacks in New France
The war began in earnest in the early 1640s with Iroquois attacks on frontier Wyandot villages along the St. Lawrence, with the intent of disrupting the Wyandot trade with the French. In 1649, the Iroquois launched a devastating attack into the heart of Wyandot territory, destroying several key villages and killing hundreds, if not thousands, amongst whom were the Jesuit missionaries Jean Brebeuf, Charles Garnier, and Gabriel Lallemant—all of whom are considered martyrs of the Roman Catholic Church. Following these attacks, the remaining Wyandot dispersed to seek assistance from the Anishinaabek Confederacy in the Great Lakes, leaving the Oodaawaa Nation Ottawa to later fill the vacuum in the fur trade with the French.

In the early 1650s, the Iroquois began attacking the French. Some of the Iroquois Nations, notably the Oneida and Onondaga, had peaceful relations with the French but were under control of the Mohawk, who were the strongest nation in the Confederation and had animosity towards the French presence. After a failed peace treaty negotiated by Chief Canaqueese, Iroquois war parties moved north into New France along the Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River, attacking and blockading Montreal. Typically a raid on an isolated farm or settlement consisted of a war party moving swiftly and silently through the woods, swooping down suddenly, wielding tomahawk and scalping knife to attack the inhabitants. In some cases, prisoners were brought back to the Iroquois homelands. In the case of women and children, prisoners were incorporated into the nation.

Although such raids were by no means constant, when they occurred they were terrifying to the inhabitants of New France, and the colonists initially felt helpless to prevent them. Some of the heroes of French-Canadian folk memory are of individuals who stood up to such attacks, such as Dollard des Ormeaux, who died in May 1660 while resisting an Iroquois raiding force at the Long Sault at the confluence of the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa Rivers. He succeeded in saving Montreal by his sacrifice. Another such hero was Madeleine de Verchères, who in 1692 at age 14 led the defence of her family farm against Iroquois attack.