As with this manner of excellent type of alternative issues, it depended plenty on what classification of female we are speaking about. maximum women were of poorer instructions. you need to marry, and then you'll have youthful ones and run the relations, and do a good type of the exertions -- keep a backyard for nutrients, feed chickens and carry at the same time the eggs, milk cows, and so on. And practice dinner, sparkling, make clothing, preserve all and dissimilar contained in the relations. (guy works from solar to solar, yet a lady's artwork is in no way achieved, went the preserving.) or you'd be a servant, taking care of rich human beings's households -- taking care of the youngsters, cooking, cleansing, and so on. In top instructions, you "ran" the relations contained in the sense of installation the servants and making the judgements (telling the cooks what to practice dinner, and the gardeners to plant, operating example). You were also in cost of the social and non secular existence of the relations, preserving the calendar of engagements, making plans social events, and typically volunteering time to community provider. on the entire, women had fewer recommendations than adult males. studying literature of the day will be so as that it's going to comprehend extra about this (i do not recommend cutting-part novels about those circumstances, yet issues written then, fantastically issues written by women then -- Jane Austin, operating example).
2016-11-25 23:02:10
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answer #3
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answered by ? 4
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The Nineteenth Century
1831 Maria W. Miller Stewart, an African-American, is the first woman to become a professional orator, a career she is compelled to give up after a single year-long tour due to public disapproval of women speaking in public. Her topics are abolition, the education and history of women, and civil rights for African-Americans. Foreshadowing Sojourner Truth, one of Stewart's speeches asks, "What if I am a woman?"
1839 Mississippi passes the first Married Woman's Property Act, followed by New York in 1848. Many similar acts are passed in the next two decades, providing women in some states with a measure of security in their own property. The Mississippi Act is inspired by a state Supreme Court ruling in 1837, which held that Betsy Allen, a Chickasaw, could protect her property from her white husband's creditors because Chickasaw tradition granted married women independent property rights.
1848 Politicized by their work in the abolition movement, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, publishing a Declaration of Sentiments which echoes the Declaration of Independence.
1848 The Supreme Court renders the first of several decisions in the case of Myra Clark Gaines and her attempts to inherit her father's property despite a suspicion of illegitimate birth. This is the first of four times the case will be heard by the Supreme Court during the 56 years it was litigated -- it came up again in 1851, 1861, and 1867. In at least one of these arguments, Gaines herself gives the oral argument against Daniel Webster, and wins.
1851 Abolitionist, feminist, and former slave Sojourner Truth delivers her famous "And Ain't I A Woman" speech at a women's rights convention in Akron, Ohio. Now revered as a classic of American oratory, her address exposes the hypocrisy of the 'woman on a pedestal' argument used by conservatives to deny women civil rights.
1868 Myra Bradwell establishes the Chicago Legal News, the foremost legal publishing house and legal newspaper in "the West," as everything west of the eastern seaboard was then called. As early as the second issue, she begins a column on "Law Relating to Women," calling for suffrage and reporting on women attorneys even before such women sought formal admission to the bar.
1869 The Chicago Legal News notes in February that one Mary E. Magoon has her own law office in the town of North English, Iowa. Although Magoon is not a member of that state's formal bar, such admission was often not needed for practice at the county level. There are no records of how many women practiced under these circumstances.
1869 Belle A. Mansfield becomes the first attorney to join the licensed bar in the United States after she successfully passes the state examinations in Iowa after informal study. Myra Bradwell applies to the Illinois Bar three months later, but is rejected on grounds of her sex.
1869 Lemma Barkaloo becomes the first woman law student in the nation. She does not complete her degree at the Law Department of Washington University in St. Louis, but chooses to take the Missouri bar after one year of study. She passes, and begins practicing in 1870, just months before her death at approximately age 22 of typhoid fever.
1869 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony found the National Woman Suffrage Association. Lucy Stone forms the American Woman Suffrage Association.
1869 The Wyoming Territory grants suffrage to women, followed in 1870 by the Utah Territory. Colorado, in 1893, and Idaho, in 1896, were the next jurisdictions to grant women the vote. No other states would do so until a flurry of five Western states enacted woman suffrage between 1910 -- 1912.
1870 Ada Kepley, the first woman to earn a formal law degree in the U.S., graduates with an LL.B. from Union College of Law in Chicago, now known as Northwestern University.
1870 Esther McQuigg Morris becomes the first woman judge in the country when she is appointed justice of the peace in a mining town in Wyoming. Her predecessor there resigned his position to protest woman suffrage in Wyoming, which Morris had helped secure.
1871 Belva Ann Lockwood matriculates at the new National University Law School after being rejected during the past three years by the law schools at Georgetown University, Howard University, and Columbian College. The latter school becomes George Washington University in 1904 by an Act of Congress, and absorbs National fifty years later. George Washington University now honors the alumna its earliest incarnation rejected, putting Lockwood's statue on prominent display in the law library since at least the 1970's to the present.
1872 Victoria Claflin Woodhull is the first woman to declare for the United States Presidency. She founds the Equal Rights Party, with a platform based on principles of socialism and sexual and racial equality drafted in part by Belva Lockwood. In addition to being female, Woodhull is only 34 at the time, and would not be the Constitutionally-required 35 until September of 1873. Due to the age issue, she and her running mate, Frederick Douglass, are denied placement on the ballot.
1872 Arguing that the Fourteenth Amendment permits it, Susan B. Anthony attempts to vote in the presidential election in Rochester, New York. She is arrested, convicted, and fined. Sojourner Truth attempts to vote in Grand Rapids, Michigan, but is refused a ballot and sent away from the polling place. Victoria Woodhull had attempted to vote in a lesser election in 1871, also without success.
1872 Charlotte Ray becomes the first woman admitted to the Bar in the District of Columbia, as well as the first African-American woman to be a member of the formal bar anywhere in the U.S. She opens a solo practice in Washington specializing in real estate law, but according to Kate Kane Rossi, another early woman attorney, "although a lawyer of decided ability, on account of prejudice [Ray] was not able to obtain sufficient legal business and had to give up . . . active practice." Ray remains involved in the suffrage cause and returns to her first career, teaching, in New York in 1879.
1873 In Bradwell v. Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court holds that states may statutorily deny women the right to practice law. In 1872, while the Bradwell case is pending, Illinois passes a bill drafted by Alta M. Hulett which provides that no person can be excluded from any occupation, profession, or employment because of sex. Hulett, only 19, becomes Illinois' first woman lawyer. Bradwell, still waiting on the U.S. Supreme Court decision, does not re-apply and is deeply disappointed when the Court's decision comes down upholding the discriminatory interpretation of Illinois' previous law. Bradwell is finally licensed in 1890, when the state supreme court, on its own motion, reconsiders her 1869 application and grants the license nunc pro tunc, backdating its effect to the original date. The U.S. Supreme Court, acting on the motion of hte the U.S. Attorney General, follows suit in 1892. Bradwell, already mortally ill with cancer at the time of these gestures, dies in 1894.
1874 Journalist and suffragist Lillie Devereux Blake publishes Fettered For Life, a novel dramatizing the legal disadvantages of American women. She lobbies Congress and state legislatures for woman suffrage, education, and property rights.
1875 In Minor v. Happersett, the U.S. Supreme Court rules definitively that the Fourteenth Amendment's privileges and immunities clause does not have the effect of extending suffrage to women.
1878 Known as the "Anthony Amendment," the Women's Suffrage Amendment is introduced in Congress, beginning four decades of intense federal lobbying and conflict.
1879 The U.S. Supreme Court is compelled to admit Belva Ann Lockwood to its bar, after rejecting her 1876 application on the grounds of "custom." Lockwood, who held the requisite lower court license from the District of Columbia, DC., obtained Congressional legislation early in 1879 establishing that women who practice law must have access to even the highest court.
1879 In Strauder v. West Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court holds that the Fourteenth Amendment forbids a state to bar men from jury pools based on race or color, but "[i]t may confine the selection to males, to freeholders, to citizens, to persons within certain ages, or to persons having educational qualifications. We do not believe the Fourteenth Amendment was ever intended to prohibit this." In 1961, the Court still relies on this case to continue denying women the right to serve on juries.
1884 Belva Ann Lockwood leads a revival of the dormant Equal Rights Party as part of her candidacy for U.S. President. With running mate Marietta Snow, editor of The Women's Herald of Industry, Lockwood wins over 4,000 votes in six states. Indiana unsuccessfully tries to switch its votes from Grover Cleveland to Lockwood, but is barred by a technicality. The party flags again after Lockwood's 1888 run.
1886 The Equity Club is founded at the University of Michigan by Lettie Burlingame for women law students and law alumnae, later expanding to include women attorneys from other schools. It is the first professional organization for women lawyers, and circulates its newsletters to members nationwide. Burlingame, a suffragist, goes into private practice and "so successful was she that she won every case entrusted to her" prior to her death from "la grippe" in 1890.
1892 Feminist economist Charlotte Perkins Gilman publishes the novella The Yellow Wall-Paper, a horrifying depiction of how the medical and legal systems worked together to institutionalize or otherwise isolate ambitious women simply by spousal fiat. Such women were often treated for "mental exhaustion" by being deprived of any "unwomanly" intellectual stimulation whatsoever, including basic writing materials or the right to hear news or speak to friends.
1893 Belva Lockwood, grudgingly admitted to the Supreme Court bar in 1879, is denied the right to join the state bar of Virginia. The U.S. Supreme Court, relying on the 1873 Bradwell decision, reaffirms that state bars may discriminate on the basis of sex.
1893 The Queen Isabella Association is formed by women to promote women's accomplishments at the World's Fair in Chicago. They select their name to reflect that Europeans would not have settled America without Isabella's sponsorship of Columbus. As part of the Fair, its legal committee organizes the first nationwide meeting of women lawyers.
1897 Lutie A. Lytle, an African-American attorney, becomes the first woman law professor in the nation when she joins the faculty of the Central Tennessee College of Law.
1898 Women found a law school to accommodate female students rejected from established schools due to their gender. Ellen Spencer Mussy and Emma Gillett found the Washington College of Law in the District of Columbia, now the law school of the American University.
2006-12-12 06:54:43
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answer #6
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answered by hikin2006 3
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