parachute?

Question

pleaes give me details on:
the purpose of the parachute
the flight of parachute
operation of the parachute
the speed of parachute
the risk of parachute flying

Answer 1

Bamma say why you cheat on such a dangerous sport. Bamma say you forget to pull cord. Bamma say parachute to keep you from bouncing. Bamma say parachute helpful when you jump out of plane. Bamma say one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand threeeeeeeeeee. Bamma say he don't know how fast a parachute go. Bamma say float like a butterfly. Bamma say it not risky at all. Bamma say you just forget to read the safeguards and ask on line. Bamma say nothing bad ever happen. Bamma otta know.

Answer 2

Purpose: to transform a free fall into a safe fall at a much slower speed.
Flight: parachutes don't fly. They are designed to offer the greatest surface to air resistance during a fall, so a much slower terminal velocity is attained. (A free faller can go down to a terminal velocity of about 270 km/h, a chute could even go up is the wind helps you!)
Operation: Jump out of the plane (usually max 12,000 feet), enjoy the free fall, pull the cord. This opens the back of the chute, releasing an extractor (a small parachute that pulls the bigger one out of the bag). The chute opens (hopefully), suddenly presenting much more air resistance and reducing your velocity.
On descent, use of the "ropes" allows you to control the shape of the chute, hence to control your direction.
On landing, pulling hard to the ropes reduces your speed even more, allowing for a soft landing.
Speed: War type parachutes, about 6m/s (jump of the third floor).
Sports parachutes, about 3m/s down to nearly 0.
Risks: very low with the quality of current designs (less than 1% falls that hurt a bit, less than 0.01% that cause injuries, less than 0.0001% that cause death.
Good luck.

Answer 3

A parachute is usually a soft fabric device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. Parachutes are generally used to slow the descent of a person or object to Earth or another celestial body within an atmosphere. Drogue parachutes are also sometimes used to aid horizontal deceleration of a vehicle (a fixed-wing aircraft or space shuttle after touchdown, or a drag racer). The word parachute comes from the French words para, protect or shield, and chute, the fall. Therefore parachute actually means "fall protection". Most modern parachutes are classified as semi-rigid wings, are quite maneuverable, and can be flown as a glider.

Parachutes were once made from silk but now they are almost always constructed from more durable woven nylon fabric, sometimes coated with silicone to improve performance and consistency over time. Originally silk was used for parachute suspension lines, but was replaced by nylon during the Second World War. When square (aka ram-air) parachutes were introduced, manufacturers switched to low-stretch materials like Dacron or zero-stretch materials like Spectra, Kevlar, Vectran or high modulous aramids. Kevlar is rarely seen except on reserve canopies.

Safety
A parachute is carefully folded, or "packed" to ensure that it will open reliably. In the U.S. and many developed countries, emergency and reserve parachutes are packed by "riggers" who must be trained and certified according to legal standards. Sport skydivers are always trained to pack their own primary "main" parachutes.

Parachutes can malfunction in several ways. Malfunctions can range from minor problems that can be corrected in-flight and still be landed to catastrophic malfunctions that require the main parachute to be cut away using a modern 3-ring release system and the reserve be deployed. Most skydivers are also equipped with small barometric computers (known as an AAD or Automatic Activation Device like Cypres, FXC or Vigil) that will automatically activate the reserve parachute if the skydiver himself has not deployed a parachute to reduce his rate of descent by a preset altitude.

Exact numbers are difficult to estimate but approximately one in a thousand sports main parachute openings malfunction and must be cut away, although some skydivers have many thousands of jumps and never cut away, (either they pack their mains more carefully than average or they are just lucky). Reserve parachutes are packed and deployed differently, they are also designed more conservatively and built & tested to more exacting standards so they are more reliable than main parachutes, but the real safety advantage comes from the probability of an unlikely main malfunction multiplied by the even less likely probability of a reserve malfunction. This yields an even smaller probability of a double malfunction although the possibility of a main malfunction that cannot be cutaway causing a reserve malfunction is a very real risk. In the U.S., the average fatality rate is considered to be about 1 in 80,000 jumps. Most injuries and fatalities in sport skydiving occur under a fully functional main parachute either due to turbulence or because the skydiver made an error in judgement while flying their canopy, resulting in a high speed impact with the ground, hazards on the ground or with another skydiver under canopy.

Parachute Malfunctions
A "Mae West" is a type of round parachute malfunction which contorts the shape of the canopy into the appearance of an extraordinarily large brassiere, presumably one suitable for a woman of Mae West's proportions. [2]

"Squidding" occurs when a parachute fails to inflate properly and its sides are forced inside the canopy. This kind of malfunction occurred during parachute testing for the Mars Exploration Rover. [3]

A "Cigarette roll" occurs when a parachute fully deploys from the bag but fails to open. The parachute then appears as a vertical column of cloth (in the general shape of a cigarette), providing the jumper with zero lift. It is caused when one skirt of the canopy, instead of expanding outward, is blown against the opposite skirt. The column of silk, buffetted by the wind, rapidly heats from the friction of silk moving against silk and can fuse, preventing any hope of the canopy opening.

An "Inversion" occurs when one skirt of the canopy blows between the suspension lines on the opposite side of the parachute and then catches air. That portion then forms a secondary lobe with the canopy inverted. The secondary lobe grows until the canopy turns completely inside out.

Incidents
Walter E. Lees, a US pilot, escaped from a faulty German warplane he had been testing in 1924 by standing on his seat and diving out. He had never used a parachute before but remained calm and successfully pulled the ring.
Lieutenant Charles Williams, of the Irish Guards, survived falling 3,500 feet in Kenya in 1994 when his feet got caught in the cords of his tangled parachute. His fall was broken by the roof of a shack and he escaped with three cracked vertebrae and a dislocated finger.
Bear Grylls broke his back in three places in a parachuting accident in Africa. Three years later he became the youngest British mountaineer to reach the top of Mount Everest.
Rudolf Hess parachuted out of airplane over Scotland in May 1941 and broke his ankle. He recovered but spent the rest of his life in Spandau prison in West Berlin.

Answer 4

PURPOSE OF PARACHUTE:

A parachute is a soft fabric device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. Parachutes are generally used to slow the descent of a person or object to Earth or another celestial body within an atmosphere. Drogue parachutes are also sometimes used to aid horizontal deceleration of a vehicle (a fixed-wing aircraft or space shuttle after touchdown, or a drag racer). The word parachute comes from the French words para, protect or shield, and chute, the fall. Therefore parachute actually means "fall protection". Most modern parachutes are classified as semi-rigid wings, are quite maneuverable, and can be flown as a glider.

SAFETY:

A parachute is carefully folded, or "packed" to ensure that it will open reliably. In the U.S. and many developed countries, emergency and reserve parachutes are packed by "riggers" who must be trained and certified according to legal standards. Sport skydivers are always trained to pack their own primary "main" parachutes.

Parachutes can malfunction in several ways. Malfunctions can range from minor problems that can be corrected in-flight and still be landed to catastrophic malfunctions that require the main parachute to be cut away using a modern 3-ring release system and the reserve be deployed. Most skydivers are also equipped with small barometric computers (known as an AAD or Automatic Activation Device like Cypres, FXC or Vigil) that will automatically deploy the reserve parachute if the skydiver himself has not deployed a parachute to reduce his rate of descent by a preset altitude.

TYPES & OPERATION OF PARACHUTE:

Round parachutes

An American paratrooper using an MC1-1C series 'round' parachuteRound parachutes, which are pure drag devices (i.e., they provide no lift like the ram-air types), are used in military, emergency and cargo applications. These have large dome-shaped canopies made from a single layer of cloth. Some skydivers call them "jellyfish 'chutes" because they look like dome-shaped jellyfish. Rounds are rarely used by skydivers these days. The first round parachutes were simple, flat circulars, but suffered from instability, so most modern round parachutes are some sort of concial (i.e Strong 26 foot diameter Mid-Lite found in pilot emergency parachutes) or parabolic (picture a flat circular canopy with an extended skirt) US Army T-10 parachute used for static-line jumps

Some round parachutes are steerable, but not to the extent of the ram-air parachutes. An example of a steerable round is provided in the picture of the paratrooper's canopy; it is not ripped or torn but has a "T-U cut". This kind of cut allows air to escape from the back of the canopy, providing the parachute with limited forward speed. This gives the jumpers the ability to steer the parachute and to face into the wind to slow down the horizontal speed for the landing.


Annular & pull down apex parachutes
A variation on the round parachute is the pull down apex parachute - invented by a Frenchman named LeMoigne - referred to as a Para-Commander-type canopy in some circles, after the first model of the type. It is a round parachute, but with suspension lines to the canopy apex that applies load there and pulls the apex closer to the load distorting the round shape into a somewhat flattened or lenticular shape.

Often these designs have the fabric removed from the apex to open a hole through which air can exit, giving the canopy an annular geometry. They also have decreased horizontal drag due to their flatter shape, and when combined with rear-facing vents, can have considerable forward speed around 10 mph (15 km/h).


Ribbon and ring parachutes
Ribbon and ring parachutes have similarities to annular designs, they can be designed to open at speeds as high as Mach 2 (two times the speed of sound). These have a ring-shaped canopy, often with a large hole in the center to release the pressure. Sometimes the ring is broken into ribbons connected by ropes to leak air even more. The large leaks lower the stress on the parachute so it does not burst when it opens.

Often a high speed parachute slows a load down and then pulls out a lower speed parachute. The mechanism to sequence the parachutes is called a "delayed release" or "pressure detent release" depending on whether it releases based on time, or the reduction in pressure as the load slows down.


Ram-air parachutes
Most modern parachutes are self-inflating "ram-air" airfoils known as a parafoil that provide control of speed and direction similar to paragliders. Paragliders have much greater lift and range, but parachutes are designed to handle, spread and mitigate the stresses of deployment at terminal velocity. All ram-air parafoils have two layers of fabric; top and bottom, connected by airfoil-shaped fabric ribs to form "cells." The cells fill with high pressure air from vents that face forward on the leading edge of the airfoil. The fabric is shaped and the parachute lines trimmed under load such that the ballooning fabric inflates into an airfoil shape.


Personnel parachutes

A U.S. NAVY display jumper landing a 'square' ram-air parachute
Reserves
Paratroopers and parachutists carry two parachutes. The primary parachute is called a main parachute, the second, a reserve parachute. The jumper uses the reserve if the main parachute fails to operate correctly.

Reserve parachutes were introduced in World War II by the US Army paratroopers, and are now almost universal. For human jumpers only emergency bail-out rigs have a single parachute and these tend to be of round design on older designs while modern PEPs (i.e P124A/Aviator) contain large, docile ram-air parachutes.


Deployment
Reserve parachutes usually have a ripcord deployment system, but most modern main parachutes used by sports parachutists use a form of hand deployed pilot chute. A ripcord system pulls a closing pin (sometimes multiple pins) which releases a spring-loaded pilot chute and opens the container, the pilot chute is propelled into the air stream by its spring then uses the force generated by passing air to extract a deployment bag containing the parachute canopy, to which it is attached via a bridle. A hand deployed pilot chute once thrown into the air stream pulls a closing pin on the pilot chute bridle to open the container then the same force extracts the deployment bag. There are variations on hand deployed pilot chutes but the system described is the more common throw-out system. Only the hand deployed pilot chute may be collapsed automatically after deployment by a kill line reducing the in flight drag of the pilot chute on the main canopy. Reserves on the other hand do not retain their pilot chutes after deployment. The reserve deployment bag and pilot chute is not connected to the canopy in a reserve system, this is known as a free bag configuration and the components are often lost during a reserve deployment. Occasionally a pilot chute does not generate enough force to either pull the pin or extract the bag, causes may be that the pilot chute is caught in the turbulent wake of the jumper (the "burble"), the closing loop holding the pin is too tight, or the pilot chute is generating insufficient force, this effect is known as "pilot chute hesitation" and if it does not clear in can lead to a total malfunction requiring reserve deployment.

I DIDN'T UNDERSTAND WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY FLIGHT OF PARACHUTE.