what was the was the 'Hampton Model of Normal School Industrial Education' in 1868-1915?

Answer 1

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Samuel Chapman Armstrong developed a pedagogy and ideology designed to maintain within the South a social consensus that did not challenge traditional inequalities of wealth and power. The traditional emphasis on Hampton as a trade or technical school has obscured the fact that it was founded and maintained as a normal school and that its mission was the training of common school teachers for the South’s black educational system. The Hampton-Tuskegee curriculum was not centered on trade or agricultural training; it was centered on the training of teachers. From its inception until well into the twentieth century, Hampton was almost wholly devoted to teacher training. A normal school became confused with trade training and economic development because Armstrong, and later Washington, employed a unique manual labor routine and an ideology of “self-help” as the practical and moral foundation of their teacher training process. Both established farms and small shops to give their prospective teachers the required manual labor experience. In these routinized work situations, however, the development of persons skilled in trades or farming was a secondary aim, seldom acquired by the students. The primary aim was to work the prospective teachers long and hard so that they would embody, accept, and preach an ethic of hard toil or the “dignity of labor.” Then, and only then, believed Armstrong, could his normal school graduates develop the appropriate values and character to teach the children of the South’s distinctive black laboring class.

Hampton’s manual labor routine was designed partly to teach students steady work habits, practical knowledge, and Christian morals. Most important, however, Armstrong viewed industrial education primarily as an ideological force that would provide instruction suitable for adjusting blacks to a subordinate social role in the emergent New South. Significantly, he identified Hampton with the conservative wing of southern reconstructionists who supported new forms of external control over blacks, including disfranchisement, segregation, and civil inequality. Armstrong’s philosophy of “Black Reconstruction,” widely publicized as the “Hampton Idea,” essentially called for the effective removal of black voters a rid politicians from southern political life, the relegation of black workers to the lowest forms of labor in the southern economy, and the establishment of a general southern racial hierarchy. He expected that the work of adjusting blacks to this social arrangement would he carried out by indigenous black educators, particularly teachers and principals, aided by Hampton-styled industrial normal schools, state departments of education, local school hoards, and northern white philanthropists. In fact Hampton developed an extensive manual labor routine because the school’s faculty believed that a particular combination of hard work, political socialiation, and social discipline would mold appropriately conservative black teachers.

Answer 2

Tuskegee Model