What are the four distinct events called respiration?

Answer 1

All animals need food, water, and air to survive. The respiratory system of each animal is what handles these needs. Oxygen is taken from outside and exchanged with carbon dioxide in the lungs. That exchange is called respiration, and is composed of four basic events.

1. Pulmonary ventilation

Air inside the lungs is exchanged with fresh air on the outside.

2. External Respiration

Fresh air in the lungs is moved into the blood, and used air in the blood is moved into the lungs to be removed.

3. Respiratory Gas Transport

The circulatory system pumps the blood into which the fresh air has been moved throughout the body.

4. Internal Respiration

The cells of your body remove air from your red blood cell and move the carbon dioxide into them

Answer 2

By Gospels you mean Christianity, Islam, Buddhist and Jewish then there are many others than these. The idea of denying Jesus Christ is not an option for me and never will be. Actually even Jews admit that Christ was and is God's Son, but they don't accept the idea He was the Messiah. There are a great many Christian Jews who do believe He is the Messiah and rightly so. If you've heard or had a chance to hear the truth, then you have turned your back on Jesus and will be judged by that decision you made. This is something you and everyone need to be very serious about and question if this is what you truly believe. If you are responsible for turning away others from Jesus, I really do feel sorry for you. Jesus is real and this I know for a fact. I was in a coma for a time and I can tell you what happened to me during that time is absolutely remarkable. Take my word, Jesus is real. All you need do is accept Him as your personal Savior and ask for forgiveness and it's done. You are saved by the grace of God our Father. The only path to God is through Jesus. God Bless You.

Answer 3

Overview of Cellular Respiration
Get a general picture of cellular respiration.

Stage 1: Food Breakdown
Before food can be converted into ATP, it must be broken down into simpler forms of sugar, lipid, or amino acids.
Stage 2: Glycolysis
The simple molecules from stage 1 must be converted into a intermediate product before it can be converted into ATP.
Stage 3: Aerobic Respiration
In this step, food is finally converted into ATP.
Fermentation
In the absence of oxygen, cells undergo fermentation to produce ATP.

Answer 4

Respiration is a term used in both organismal biology and biochemistry, and may refer to:

* Respiration, the process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and energy.
* Cellular respiration, the process in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life processes.
* The respiratory system of humans and other mammals.
* Mechanical ventilation, a method to assist or replace spontaneous breathing.
* Anaerobic respiration, a process that allows respiration without use of oxygen



# 1 Aerobic respiration

* 1.1 Glycolysis
* 1.2 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
* 1.3 Krebs cycle/Citric Acid cycle
* 1.4 Oxidative phosphorylation



Aerobic respiration


Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy. It is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown from glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondrion to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2. The reducing potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP via an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration is by oxidative phosphorylation, ATP molecules are made due to the chemiosmotic potential driving ATP synthase. Respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy when oxygen is present in the cell.

Theoretically, 36 ATP molecules can be made per glucose during cellular respiration, however, such conditions are generally not realized due to such losses as the cost of moving pyruvate into mitochondria. Aerobic metabolism is more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 mol ATP per 1 mol glucose). They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that is found in the cytoplasm of cells in all living organisms and does not require oxygen. The process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, and makes energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced but two are consumed for the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to destabilize the molecule for cleavage into two triose sugars. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP and two NADH are produced when the triose sugars are oxidized. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:

Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 4 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 ADP + 2 NADH + 4 ATP + 2 H2O + 4 H+

[ Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
Produces acetyl-CoA from pyruvate inside the mitochondrial matrix. This oxidation reaction also releases carbon dioxide as a product. In the process one molecule of NADH is formed per pyruvate oxidized

Main article: Citric acid cycle

When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle inside the mitochondrial matrix, and gets oxidized to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2 are created during this cycle.

[edit] Oxidative phosphorylation

in eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises of the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesised by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP.

[] Theoretical yields

.
Step 4 Substrate-level phosphorylation
2 NADH 4 Oxidative phosphorylation. Only 2 ATP per NADH since the coenzyme must feed into the electron transport chain from the cytoplasm rather than the mitochondrial matrix.
Oxidative decarboxylation 2 NADH 6 Oxidative phosphorylation
Krebs cycle 2 Substrate-level phosphorylation
6 NADH 18 Oxidative phosphorylation
2 FADH2 4 Oxidative phosphorylation
Total yield 36 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes.

Although there is a theoretical yield of 36 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized due to losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate and ADP (substrates for ATP syhthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transported using carriers that utilise the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient.

* The pyruvate carrier is a symporter and the driving force for moving pyruvate into the mitochondria is the movement of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix.
* The phosphate carrier is an antiporter and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the movement of hydroxyls ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
* The adenine nucleotide carrier is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane. The driving force is due to the ATP (-4) having a more negative charge than the ADP (-3) and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient.

The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H+ are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process. Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in a baby's brown fat, for thermogenesis, and hibernating animals.