Where did they come up with the idea of dark matter and energy?

Question

I was watching a show on the science channel the other day that was saying there is only 10% of the matter needed to support the big band theory.

Then someone determined that if there was dark matter it would only account for 25% of the amount needed.

When they checked the expansion speed of the universe they were surprised to see that it was speeding up instead of slowing down. So they said it would take more energy than was present during the big bang to account for this, so they called the unseen energy dark matter and it makes up the other 75% of dark matter they couldn't account for.

Science knows they can't see the entire universe because light only travels so fast. If they only see 10% of the matter needed to account for the big bang could the universe be 10x as large as what we see?

That would be a scientific breakthrough to know the size of the universe wouldn't it?

Answer 1

The idea of dark matter wasn't introduced to support the big bang, it was to try and explain why galaxies rotate the way they do. As you move out from the centre of a galaxy the stars should move more and more slowly in their orbits. The problem is that when people measured the orbital speeds in the 1970s they found that they don't get slower - they move at pretty much the same speed! It's as if there's a big ball of "stuff" there with the galaxy in the middle, but while we can see the effect of its gravity we can't see the "stuff". That got people thinking, and they remembered a couple of strange observations from the 1930s. These had been largely forgotten, but they too could be explained if there was "stuff" out there. Fritz Zwicky felt that "dark matter" was better than "stuff", and the name stuck. Since the 1970s there have been many more observations that support the idea that dark matter exists.

Dark Energy is a more recent idea. In the late 1990s Saul Perlmutter found a way of detecting lots of type 1a supernovae, which are used as "standard candles" to work out how far away galaxies are. A "standard candle" is something with a known brightness - if you know how bright it appears and how bright it realy is you can work out how far away it is. The problem was that while relatively close supernovae fitted the models for the universe's expansion, the distant supernovae were dimmer than they should have been. Lots of ideas were considered, but the one that gave the best fit with the data was that some form of energy was causing the universe to expand quicker than had previously been thought. This, of course, was called dark energy.

Dark matter and dark energy don't support big bang models directly, but they do support a theory that allows the model to work! The big bang on its own doesn't work - for instance it predicts that exotic particles such as magnetic monopoles should have been created, and they've never been found. Allan Guth came up the idea that immediately after it was formed the universe underwent a short period of very rapid inflation. We're talking about tiny fractions of a second here, but it was enough to remove the problems. Inflation theory predicts that there should be a certain amount of mass / energy in the universe - without dark matter and dark energy, the theory's in trouble. With them, it's still looking good.

Answer 2

they are the two placeholder names, for observations we are able to make, yet can not totally comprehend or clarify okay. darkish count: gadgets follw very sepcific orbits, given the completed mass of the device and the area between the gadgets, as desperate via Johannes Kepler and defined in extra beneficial component via Isaac Newton. With many galaxies, whether, we see stars orbiting so quickly, on the outer edges, that, if Kepler and Newton are right... those gadgets could be flung into intergalactic area, or have plenty slower orbits. One speculation is that there is extra count inthose galaxies than what we are able to hit upon, via seen gentle... or perhaps invisible parts of hte electromagnetic spectrum. So unquestionably, the two Kepler, Newton, or perhaps A;ber Eintein's Theroy of standard Relativity are all... incorrect... properly, not plenty incorrect, yet "incomplete" or there is "lacking count" available in the universe, giving those galaxies extra mass, and subsequently stronger gravity to hold those stars to their galaxies. the component approximately darkish count is, is would not work together with familiar count in any respect, aside from its gravitational impression. darkish potential: The universe is increasing. We don;t comprehend why. there are a number of observations to confirm that the universe is increasing, yet we don't comprehend the reason. darkish potential is the call given to this unknown stress. 2: If all people is finding for darkish count interior the Earth, this is a lost reason. darkish count seems to be insignificant at interior of sight scales, and in simple terms applies on the galactic point... if it even does exist. there is the distant probability that our awareness of gravity is incomplete, and a extra helpful sort of gravity, and physics as an entire, at the instant are not understood. Newton's version of gravity works super at non-relativistic speeds, whether this is incorrect, as shown via Albert Einstein. one might desire to argue that Eintein's concept of standard Relativiy is extra finished, yet would not address all the residences of gravity..

Answer 3

http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0009F0CA-C523-1213-852383414B7F0147

i don't know why the big bang is in this question. observations by nasa"s microwave anisotropy probe suggest that the cosmic microwave background is at least 46 billion light-years away, but the universe is only 13.7 billion years old.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_cluster

fritz zwicky predicted the existence of dark matter in 1933. he noticed that the speeds of galaxies in a galaxy cluster were too fast for the cluster to exist so he proposed that there must be a large amount of unseen matter in the cluster to keep it gravitationally bound. no one knows what dark matter is, but it can be no more than 4 percent ordinary matter. dark matter only interacts gravitationally and no other way. it can not form atomic nuclei because atomic nuclei require the strong and weak nuclear forces, and they can not form atoms because atoms require the electromagnetic force. researchers have obtained the first direct evidence for dark matter by observing two colliding galaxy clusters in two ways. they determined where the hot gas was and where the mass was. the mass is in two pieces separated by the hot gas. this shows that most of the mass in the collision passed thru unhindered, but the gas collided and heated because it compressed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

dark energy seems even less understood than dark matter, but the expansion rate has been accelerating for at least 9 billion years.

Answer 4

the theory of duality is in play for every thing there is an oposite and equal