Give me physical characteristics of planetary rings of saturn & also the orbital characteristics.?

Answer 1

The rings can be viewed using a quite modest modern telescope or with a good pair of binoculars. They extend from 6,630 km to 120,700 km above Saturn's equator, average close to one kilometer in thickness and are composed of silica rock, iron oxide, and ice particles ranging in size from specks of dust to the size of a small automobile. There are two main theories regarding the origin of Saturn's rings. One theory, originally proposed by Édouard Roche in the 19th century, is that the rings were once a moon of Saturn whose orbit decayed until it came close enough to be ripped apart by tidal forces (see Roche limit). A variation of this theory is that the moon disintegrated after being struck by a large comet or asteroid. The second theory is that the rings were never part of a moon, but are instead left over from the original nebular material that Saturn formed out of. This theory is not widely accepted today, since Saturn's rings are thought to be unstable over periods of millions of years and therefore of relatively recent origin.

While the largest gaps in the rings, such as the Cassini division and Encke division, can be seen from Earth, the Voyager spacecrafts discovered the rings to have an intricate structure of thousands of thin gaps and ringlets. This structure is thought to arise from the gravitational pull of Saturn's many moons in several different ways. Some gaps are cleared out by the passage of tiny moonlets such as Pan, many more of which may yet be discovered, and some ringlets seem to be maintained by the gravitational effects of small shepherd satellites such as Prometheus and Pandora. Other gaps arise from resonances between the orbital period of particles in the gap and that of a more massive moon further out; Mimas maintains the Cassini division in this manner. Still more structure in the rings actually consists of spiral waves raised by the moons' periodic gravitational perturbations.

Data from the Cassini space probe indicates that the rings of Saturn possess their own atmosphere, independent of that of the planet itself. The atmosphere is composed of molecular oxygen gas (O2) produced when ultraviolet light from the Sun disintegrates water ice in the rings. Chemical reactions between water molecule fragments and further ultraviolet stimulation create and eject, among other things O2. According to models of this atmosphere, H2 is also present. The O2 and H2 atmospheres are so sparse that if the entire atmosphere were somehow condensed onto the rings, it would be on the order of 1 atom thick. The rings also have a similarly sparse OH (hydroxide) atmosphere. Like the O2, this atmosphere is produced by the disintegration of water molecules, though in this case the disintegration is done by energetic ions that bombard water molecules ejected by Saturn's moon Enceladus. This atmosphere, despite being extremely sparse, was detected from Earth by the Hubble Space Telescope.

Saturn shows complex patterns in its brightness. Most of the variability is due to the changing aspect of the rings, and this goes through two cycles every orbit. However, superimposed on this is variability due to the eccentricity of the planet’s orbit that causes the planet to display brighter oppositions in the northern hemisphere than it does in the southern. (Henshaw, C., 2003).

Semi-major axis 1,426,725,413 km
9.537 070 32 AU
Orbital circumference 8.958 Tm
59.879 AU
Eccentricity 0.054 150 60
Perihelion 1,349,467,375 km
9.020 632 24 AU
Aphelion 1,503,983,449 km
10.053 508 40 AU
Orbital period 10,756.1995 d
(29.45 a)
Synodic period 378.10 d
Avg. orbital speed 9.639 km/s
Max. orbital speed 10.183 km/s
Min. orbital speed 9.137 km/s
Inclination 2.484 46°
(5.51° to Sun's equator)
Longitude of the
ascending node 113.715 04°
Argument of the
perihelion 338.716 90°
Number of satellites 56 confirmed [17]
Physical characteristics
Equatorial diameter 120,536 km [18]
(9.449 Earths)
Polar diameter 108,728 km
(8.552 Earths)
Oblateness 0.097 96
Surface area 4.27×1010 km2
(83.703 Earths)
Volume 8.27×1014 km3
(763.59 Earths)
Mass 5.6846×1026 kg
(95.162 Earths)
Mean density 0.6873 g/cm3
(less than water)
Equatorial gravity 8.96 m/s2
(0.914 gee)
Escape velocity 35.49 km/s
Rotation period 0.449 375 d
(10 h 47 min 6 s) 1
Rotation velocity 9.87 km/s = 35,500 km/h
(at the equator)
Axial tilt 26.73°
Right ascension
of North pole 40.59° (2 h 42 min 21 s)
Declination 83.54°
Albedo 0.47
Avg. cloudtop temp. 93 K
Surface temp. min mean max
82 K 143 K N/A K

Adjective Saturnian
Atmospheric characteristics
Atmospheric pressure 140 kPa
Hydrogen >93%
Helium >5%
Methane 0.2%
Water vapor 0.1%
Ammonia 0.01%
Ethane 0.0005%
Phosphine 0.0001%

Answer 2

Physical Characteristics Of Saturn

Answer 3

I think you get all types and the overlap is so much you couldn't tell. There were studies (by Kinsey and others) showing slightly longer penis length in gay men; some have actually interpreted these as due to HIGHER androgen (testosterone) levels during development. A lot of gay guys are very well-built--gay culture places a huge value on looking good, and this often becomes even more apparent as gay guys get older and they often still are looking for partners while straight guys are married. The fact that you have to look at Will and Grace--the stereotypical "gay" show for an example suggests you may need to look around more. By the way , Sean Hayes, the effeminate gay guy on the show, is not out of the closet and refuses to talk about his personal life. He's about as closeted as Anderson Cooper. There are of course some gay guys who are effeminate--to the extent it's pretty much a giveaway.