who invented penacillin?

Answer 1

Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming in 1928,

The discovery of penicillin is usually attributed to Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming in 1928, though others had earlier noted the antibacterial effects of Penicillium. Fleming, at his laboratory in St. Mary's Hospital (now one of Imperial College teaching hospitals) in London, noticed a halo of inhibition of bacterial growth around a contaminant blue-green mould on a Staphylococcus plate culture. Fleming concluded that the mould was releasing a substance that was inhibiting bacterial growth and lysing the bacteria. He grew a pure culture of the mould and discovered that it was a Penicillium mould, now known to be Penicillium chrysogenum. Fleming coined the term "penicillin" to describe the filtrate of a broth culture of the Penicillium mould. Even in these early stages, penicillin was found to be most effective against Gram-positive bacteria, and ineffective against Gram-negative organisms and fungi. He expressed initial optimism that penicillin would be a useful disinfectant, being highly potent with minimal toxicity compared to antiseptics of the day, but particularly noted its laboratory value in the isolation of "Bacillus influenzae" (now Haemophilus influenzae).[1] After further experiments, Fleming was convinced that penicillin could not last long enough in the human body to kill pathogenic bacteria and stopped studying penicillin after 1931, but restarted some clinical trials in 1934 and continued to try to get someone to purify it until 1940.

In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Walter Florey and a team of researchers (Ernst Boris Chain, A. D. Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J. Orr-Ewing and G. Sanders) at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford made significant progress in showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin. Their attempts to treat humans failed due to insufficient volumes of penicillin, but they proved its harmlessness and effect in mice. Some of the pioneering trials of penicillin took place at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford. On 1942-03-14 John Bumstead and Orvan Hess became the first in the world to successfully treat a patient using penicillin.[2][3]
Penicillin was being mass-produced in 1944
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Penicillin was being mass-produced in 1944

During World War II, penicillin made a major difference in the number of deaths and amputations caused by infected wounds amongst Allied forces; saving an estimated 12-15% of lives. Availability was severely limited, however, by the difficulty of manufacturing large quantities of penicillin and by the rapid renal clearance of the drug necessitating frequent dosing. Penicillins are actively secreted and about 80% of a penicillin dose is cleared within three to four hours of administration. During those times it became common procedure to collect the urine from patients being treated so that the penicillin could be isolated and reused.[4]

This was not a satisfactory solution, however, so researchers looked for a way to slow penicillin secretion. They hoped to find a molecule that could compete with penicillin for the organic acid transporter responsible for secretion such that the transporter would preferentially secrete the competitive inhibitor. The uricosuric agent probenecid proved to be suitable. When probenecid and penicillin are concomitantly administered, probenecid competitively inhibits the secretion of penicillin, increasing its concentration and prolonging its activity. The advent of mass-production techniques and semi-synthetic penicillins solved supply issues, and this use of probenecid declined.[4]Probenecid is still clinically useful, however, for certain infections requiring particularly high concentrations of penicillins.[5] survivers of the death


JAKE NICKLESS

Answer 2

In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming observed that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed by the mold Penicillium notatum, proving that there was an antibacterial agent there in principle. This principle later lead to medicines that could kill certain types of disease-causing bacteria inside the body. At the time, however, the importance of Alexander Fleming's discovery was not known. Use of penicillin did not begin until the 1940s when Howard Florey and Ernst Chain isolated the active ingredient and developed a powdery form of the medicine.

Answer 3

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.

Answer 4

Alexander Fleming invented Penicillin

Answer 5

Penicillin?

God created it

First discovered by a French medical student Ernest Duchesne in 1896

Rediscovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928

Made by the fungus Penicillium notatum

Take your pick.

Answer 6

100% Alexander Fleming(1881-1955), a Scottish Bacteriologist
discovered penicillin, the toxic product of the blue mould Penicillium notatum that contaminated his culture of the becterium, Staphlococcus. Penicillin is the first antibiotic drug and it was first used to cure soldiers in World War -2.

Answer 7

Alexander Fleming discovered the antibacterial effect of penicillin in 1929. He noted that a fungal colony had grown as a contaminant on an agar plate streaked with the bacterium Staph aureus, and that the bacterial colonies around the fungus were transparent, because their cells were lysing. The substance was named penicillin, because the fungal contaminant was identified as Penicillium notatum.

Answer 8

Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin

The original natural penicillin was derived from the mould Penicillium notatum but the extensive range nowadays in produced synthetically.

Answer 9

Someone put 'germs' as a joke but the real answer to the actual question (invented) is A FUNGUS. ALL antibiotics used today are from fungi, tend to be spores related to everyday species like mushrooms and truffles which use these toxins to protect themselves from bacteria.

Alexander Fleming discovered it could be used to treat infections though for moral reasons he chose not to patent it. It was later done by an American. Dagnammit... Take credit for everything they do...

Answer 10

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.

Answer 11

Originally a french med student in1896 named Ernest Duchesne but really didn't know it's value until in the early 1900's Sir Alexander Fleming found the mold would attack and kill strains of staph in 1928