Based on the crystal structure of metals versus ionic compounds, why is hardness and brittlenes not the same.?

Answer 1

Hardness and brittleness are not the same. I'm not sure exactly what you're asking, but I can explain why both metals and ceramics can be hard, but ceramics are brittle, and metals are generally not.

The structure of a metal is independent of the location of each atom. By this, I mean that any atom could be switched with another atom without any real change in the structure. This is desirable because atoms "slide" to deform.

In an ionic material, charge balance must be maintained, and cations and anions are generally (with the exception of certain defects) confine to certain locations within the structure. This makes deformation much more difficult, resulting in brittleness.

Hopefully the image below will help visualize the difference (sorry, the characters aren't aligning properly, asume "." indicates empty space).


Metal atom arrangement:

o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o

The atoms can easily slide without any problem:

... o o o o o o
... o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o

_____________________________________________

Example ionic atom arrangement:

+ - + - + -
- + - + - +
+ - + - + -
- + - + - +

Sliding one atom spacing results in an unstable structure. There are now adjacent +/+ and -/- atoms. The repulsive forces cause cleavage along this plane of atoms.

...+ - + - + -
...- + - + - +
+ - + - + -
- + - + - +

Answer 2

i'm no longer non secular, yet I do have heavy sociological / anthropological background. in case you experience the could desire to "concern" your God, then this is on account which you experience in charge for some thing, or you desire to experience victimized. maximum people do no longer concern their God. They love their God. God is extremely like the impressive chief. As Machiavelli mentioned, a reliable chief could desire to be the two enjoyed and feared. If he's merely enjoyed, then people will nonetheless do what they desire against his desires at instances. If he's merely feared, then they gained't love their very own lives, purely doing what he needs out of concern of ramifications. in the event that they love and concern him, then they'll do what he needs out of love and understand first, and out of concern 2d. enable me attempt to apply a distinctive analogy for God... God, in maximum peoples' eyes, is almost a reliable parent. a reliable parent makes use of two areas love and one million section self-discipline to make specific people lead a reliable existence. one million section love is unconditional. God loves you unconditionally, on account which you're his creation. (merely as a parent loves their baby unconditionally). one million section love is for effective reinforcement. God exhibits you desire to advantages your reliable habit. it is what maximum people call "advantages", "miracles", etc. mum and dad do the comparable with them infants; supply them hugs whilst they prevail. one million section self-discipline is used for damaging reinforcement. God punishes people whilst they have been undesirable. mum and dad do the comparable to infants. Now, maximum folk will persist with a Godly existence because of the fact they understand and love God because of one million section unconditional love, and one million section effective reinforcement. If that doesn't artwork then they concern the only million section self-discipline. although, what's "blessing" and "punishment" from God is subjective. distinctive religions, or perhaps persons, may even see some thing as a blessing mutually as others see it as a curse. everybody can see in spite of they desire into some thing. whilst a mom hugs a baby, this is fantastically tangible that that's a hug. yet, whilst a individual reveals $5 on the line is that a blessing? What if it merely enables them to do some thing undesirable? i think of the extra effectual thank you to look at God is that he supplies people possibilities. The $5 is an hazard. How the guy chooses to apply that hazard dictates in spite of if that's a "blessing" or "curse".