chemical composition of copal what is it made of element wise?

Answer 1

COPAL

Copal is a more mature form of resin. The word copal comes from the Spanish word copalli which means incense, a task for which copal can in fact be employed. Polymerisation has now progressed significantly through the body of the resin. In some cases the surface of the copal has fractured and crazed due to the surface shrinkage prompted through the initial evaporation of the turpenes which also begins during this period. (The author has witnessed a piece of resin craze and fracture over a period of 3 months when a large translucent piece weighing more than a Kilogram was displayed in a shop window in full sunlight thus accelerating the entire process with extreme heating and climatic conditions).

Distinguishing between copal and amber is a contentious issue amongst members of the amber community. There is no scaling system for assessing polymerisation against age. This is because too many external factors affect the rate of molecular linking and consequently a variable rate does not lend its self to a linear time assessment system. Because of this the nomenclature of resin, copal and amber is not an absolute science yet.

Significant copal deposits exist in Columbia, South America in the Santander province. This material is less than 1000 years old. Despite being younger than the New Zealand, kuari material that can be over 10,000 years old, it is called copal, whereas the kuari gum is not. This can be confusing but is reflective of the variable rate of change resin undergoes in different conditions. It is important to note that the kuari gum of New Zealand would appear to have experienced little heat or pressure in its development to date, consequently it has not matured to the same degree that many other younger deposits have. Although these other deposits (Colombian being principal among them) are younger they have acquired the major characteristics of copal which the kuari gum has not. Cynically, it might also be observed that the classification of material against the Resin-Amber continuum is not always applied with the scientific rigour it should receive.

Answer 2

Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule of water has 2 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a unmarried oxygen atom. Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at ambient temperature and stress, and looks colorless in small parts, even with the actuality that it has its personal intrinsic very mild blue hue. Ice also looks colorless, and water vapor is basically invisible as a gas.[3] Water is in the main a liquid less than widely used circumstances, which isn't envisioned from its courting to different analogous hydrides of the oxygen family individuals interior the periodic table, that are gases which contain hydrogen sulfide. also the elements surrounding oxygen interior the periodic table, nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine, all combine with hydrogen to grant gases less than widely used circumstances. the rationalization that oxygen dihydride (water) varieties a liquid is that it really is extra electronegative than all of those factors (except fluorine). Oxygen attracts electrons a lot extra strongly than hydrogen, ensuing in a information superhighway positive can charge on the hydrogen atoms, and a information superhighway unfavorable can charge on the oxygen atom. The presence of a can charge on each of those atoms supplies each water molecule a information superhighway dipole second. electric powered charm between water molecules because of this dipole pulls human being molecules closer jointly, making it extra tricky to split the molecules and hence elevating the boiling element. This charm is widely used as hydrogen bonding. Water should be defined as a polar liquid that dissociates disproportionately into the hydronium ion (Heccbc87e4b5ce2fe28308fd9f2a7baf3O+(aq)) and an linked hydroxide ion (OH?(aq)). Water is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid, gas and good states at widely used temperature and stress (0°C, 100.000 kPa) , and is the purely organic substance got here upon evidently on earth to be so.

Answer 3

I do not know the product but found the link under

Answer 4

http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/copal.htm