Can someone give me a brief defination of the following ethics??

Question

Can someone give me a brief defination of following ethics??

A. Right-Based Ethics
B. Goal-Based Ethics
C. Human-based ethics
D. Duty-Based ethics

C. is Human-Nature Ethics

Answer 1

Right Based Ethics
Contractarianism (right-based ethics) is "a family of moral and political theories that make use of the idea of a social contract" (Hampton 1995). The social contract notion rooted in Hobbes and Kant. In Hobbes opinion people are rational and want to live out their lives in peace and security.
"Kant proposed that the 'idea' of the 'Original Contract' could be used to determine what policies for a society would be just" (Hampton 1995). Only the consent of 'real' people can be legitimating and their make-believe agreements have moral force for us. "The process by which these people reach agreement is morally revealing" (Hampton 1995).

Goal based Ethics
Consequentialism or Goal-Based ethics say that we ought to do whatever maximizes good consequences. It doesn't in itself matter what kind of thing we do. What matters is that we maximize good results.
One popular kind of consequentialism is classical (hedonistic) utilitarianism. This view says that we ought always to do whatever maximizes the balance of pleasure over pain for everyone affected by our action. This view could be based on the golden rule, which leads us to be concerned about the happiness and misery of others. Or it could be based on God's will, self-evident truths, or our own personal feelings.
We can apply utilitarianism directly (by first estimating the likely consequences of each option and then picking the option with the best consequences) or indirectly (by applying a "rule of thumb" about what kinds of action tend to have good or bad results). Many utilitarians reject exceptionless rules. They think that any rule should be broken when it has better consequences to do so. So they see moral rules only as loose "rules of thumb."

Human Based Ethics
According to the human-based ethics, all, and only, humans count or are valuable in themselves. Human beings are both the actors and the proper subjects of morality.

Duty Based Ethics
In ethics, deontological ethics or deontology (Greek: Deon meaning obligation or duty) is a theory holding that decisions should be made solely or primarily by considering one's duties and the rights of others.
One of the most important implications of deontology is that a person's behavior can be wrong even if it results in the best possible consequences. In contrast to consequentialism, a philosophy infamous for its claim that the ends justify the means, deontology insists that how people accomplish their goals is usually (or always) more important than what people accomplish

Answer 2

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