is the practice of starting new organizations, particularly new businesses generally in response to identified opportunities. Entrepreneurship is often a difficult undertaking, as a majority of new businesses fail. Entrepreneurial activities are substantially different depending on the type of organization that is being started. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects (even involving the entrepreneur only part-time) to major undertakings creating many job opportunities.
Many "high-profile" entrepreneurial ventures seek venture capital or angel funding in order to raise capital to build the business. Many kinds of organizations now exist to support would-be entrepreneurs, including specialized government agencies, business incubators, science parks, and some NGOs.
2006-11-22 17:14:48
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answer #2
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answered by ritu raj 3
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A person who takes the risk of turning an opportunity into profit.
A person who takes the risk of managing and operating a business or businesses; term often used: a. for one who does this for one or more businesses that he or she entirely or largely helps to create; b. for one who takes on ownership, or significant ownership, of one or more business franchises.
A person who creates one or more new nonprofit organizations, or one or more units of such organizations, and often has a key part in managing and operating the new entity or entities. Such a person is sometimes referred to as a nonprofit entrepreneur or not-for-profit entrepreneur, and occasionally as a public entrepreneur.
A person who is talented or prolific at developing new programs inside existing organizations.
2006-11-22 17:29:36
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answer #4
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answered by Miemiau 2
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Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new organizations, particularly new businesses generally in response to identified opportunities. Entrepreneurship is often a difficult undertaking, as a majority of new businesses fail. Entrepreneurial activities are substantially different depending on the type of organization that is being started. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects (even involving the entrepreneur only part-time) to major undertakings creating many job opportunities.
Many "high-profile" entrepreneurial ventures seek venture capital or angel funding in order to raise capital to build the business. Many kinds of organizations now exist to support would-be entrepreneurs, including specialized government agencies, business incubators, science parks, and some NGOs.
History
The understanding of entrepreneurship owes a lot to the work of economist Joseph Schumpeter and the Austrian School of economics. In Schumpeter (1950), an entrepreneur is a person who is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation. Entrepreneurship forces "creative destruction" across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products and business models others. In this way, creative destruction is largely responsible for the dynamism of industries and long-run economic growth. Despite Schumpeter's early 20th-century contributions, the traditional microeconomic theory of economics has had little room for entrepreneurs in their theoretical frameworks (instead assuming that resources would find each other through a price system). (ref. The Economist Magazine, March 11, 2006, pp 67).
Entrepreneurship received a boost in the formalized creation of so-called incubators and science parks (e.g., those listed at NBIA.org) where businesses can start at a small scale, share services and space while they grow, and eventually move into space of their own when they have achieved a large enough scale to be viable stand-alone businesses. Also, entrepreneurship is being employed to revitalize fading downtowns and inner cities, which may have excellent resources but suffer from a lack of spirited development.
Conceptual and theoretic developments in entrepreneurship history. Adapted from Murphy, Liao, & Welsch (2006)
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Conceptual and theoretic developments in entrepreneurship history. Adapted from Murphy, Liao, & Welsch (2006)
Some notable persons and their works in entrepreneurship history.
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Some notable persons and their works in entrepreneurship history.
For Frank H. Knight (1967) and Peter Drucker (1970) entrepreneurship is about taking risk. The behavior of the entrepreneur reflects a kind of person willing to put his or her career and financial security on the line and take risks in the name of an idea, spending much time as well as capital on an uncertain venture.
Still another view of entrepreneurship is that it is the process of discovering, evaluating, and exploiting opportunities, which go on to reify themselves in the form of new business ventures. In this model an entrepreneur could be defined as "someone who acts with ambition beyond that supportable by the resources currently under his control, in relentless pursuit of opportunity" (a definition common to entrepreneurship professors Howard Stevenson and Jeffry Timmons). Pinchot (1985) coined the term Intrapreneurship to describe entrepreneurial-like activities inside organizations and government. The concept is commonly referred to as Corporate Entrepreneurship.
The place of the disharmony-creating and idiosyncratic entrepreneur in traditional economic theory (which describes many efficiency-based ratios assuming uniform outputs) presents theoretic quandaries. William Baumol has added greatly to this area of economic theory and was recently honored for it at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Economic Association. (source: The Economist, March 11, 2006, pp 67)
Entrepreneurship is widely regarded as an integral player in the business culture of American life, and particularly as an engine for job creation and economic growth. Robert Sobel published The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition in 1974.
The Entrepreneur
Entrepreneurs have many of the same character traits as leaders. Similarly to the early great man theories of leadership, however, trait-based theories of entrepreneurship are increasingly being called into question. Entrepreneurs are often contrasted with managers and administrators who are said to be more methodical and less prone to risk-taking. Although such person-centric models of entrepreneurship have shown to be of questionable validity, a vast but clearly dated literature studying the entrepreneurial personality found that certain traits seem to be associated with entrepreneurs:
* for example, in 1961, David McClelland described the entrepreneur as primarily motivated by an overwhelming need for achievement and strong urge to build.
* Collins and Moore (1970) studied 150 entrepreneurs and concluded that they are tough, pragmatic people driven by needs of independence and achievement. they seldom are willing to submit to authority.
* Bird (1992) sees entrepreneurs as mercurial, that is, prone to insights, brainstorms, deceptions, ingeniousness and resourcefulness. they are cunning, opportunistic, creative, and unsentimental.
* Busenitz and Barney (1997) claim entrepreneurs are prone to overconfidence and over generalisations.
* According to Cole (1959), there are four types of entrepreneur: the innovator, the calculating inventor, the over-optimistic promoter, and the organisation builder. These types are not related to the personality but to the type of opportunity the entrepreneur faces.
* Burton W. Folsom, Jr. distinguishes between what he calls a political entrepreneur and a market entrepreneur. The political entrepreneur uses political influences to gain income through subsidies, protectionism, government-granted monopoly, government contracts, or other such favorable arrangements with government(s) (see crony capitalism and corporate welfare). The market entrepreneur operates without special favors from government.
Characteristics of entrepreneurship
* The entrepreneur has an enthusiastic vision, the driving force of an enterprise.
* The entrepreneur's vision is usually supported by an interlocked collection of specific ideas not available to the marketplace.
* The overall blueprint to realize the vision is clear, however details may be incomplete, flexible, and evolving.
* The entrepreneur promotes the vision with enthusiastic passion.
* With persistence and determination, the entrepreneur develops strategies to change the vision into reality.
* The entrepreneur takes the initial responsibility to cause a vision to become a success.
* Entrepreneurs take prudent risks. They assess costs, market/customer needs and persuade others to join and help.
* An entrepreneur is usually a positive thinker and a decision maker.
SELF EMPLOYED
Someone who is self-employed works for himself/herself instead of as an employee of another person or organization, drawing income from a trade or business.
In the U.S., a person running a business as a sole proprietorship or a limited liability corporation is considered self-employed for tax purposes, but the sole shareholder of an S Corporation is not considered self-employed. Such a person is considered an employee of the corporation and does not pay self-employment tax.
2006-11-22 17:00:58
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answer #6
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answered by Anonymous
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