periscope ?

Question

details of periscope

Answer 1

A periscope is a device used to view all around. They were used in submarines ... probably tanks.

Sorry, but I can't seem to detail enough. I'm sure someone can and will. 2 points is 2 points. .. lol

Answer 2

I read some of the answers you have already gotten and was most impressed by Bob's reply.

Basically a periscope is a telescope whose viewing end and looking end are offset from each other. The viewing end is usually low and the looking end is usually high to get above the interference of nearby objects or media such as sea water.

The light path between the two saparated sections of telescope are connected back together via mirrors mounted at 45 degree angles so that light entering the looking end is deflected 45 degrees straight down to another mirror (also at 45 degrees)
which deflects the light straight into the eyepiece of the viewing end. Some adjustments are built into the mechanism to allow for tilting the view a bit above and below the straight out view. Also, a swivel arrangement is added so that the entire assembly may be rotated 360 degrees and give an all around view. if the periscope is a small hand held model, then the user must turn himself around to get full 360 degree views. Nothing would be complete without some extra fancy gadgets, so various levels of magnification are sometimes added to well designed periscopes. that permits the user to select various viewing ranges and increase or decrease the size of the viewed object or scene in his lens.

In tanks, periscopes permit the gunners and drivers to look
outside their armor and identify targets without exposing themselves to enemy fire. The driver can also see to drive his
vehicle without getting hit by shell bursts or incoming bullets.

Submarines used periscopes extensively in previous wars.
Since the length of the overall periscope tube was fixed, subs had to rise to a certain depth for the tip of the periscope to rise above the water. Much was made of this small disturbance in the water by the periscope tip in recent movies and novels. The disturbance in the water created by the scope tip could be seen by aircraft flying overhead, and closeby sensitive radar sets might also pick up the radar echo of the exposed periscope tip. So, usage of the periscope by submariners had its various drawbacks.

Regards,
Zah

Answer 3

A periscope is an instrument for observation from a concealed position. In its simplest form it is a tube in each end of which are mirrors set parallel to each other and at an angle of 45° with respect to the line between them. It may be used as a toy or for seeing over people's heads in a crowd. This form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, was used for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I.

More complex periscopes, using prisms instead of mirrors, and providing magnification, are used on submarines. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction.


Early examples

Gundlach periscope.Johann Gutenberg, better known for his contribution to printing technology, marketed a periscope in the 1430s to enable pilgrims to see over the heads of the crowd at the vigintennial religious festival at Aachen. Simon Lake used periscopes in his submarines in 1902. Sir Howard Grubb perfected it in World War I[1]. Morgan Robertson claims to have described a submarine using a periscope in his fictional works. Periscopes, in some cases fixed to rifles, were used in World War I to enable soldiers to see out of the trenches.

Periscopes were also extensively used in tanks, enabling drivers or tank's commanders to inspect the situation without leaving the safety of the tank. An important development was Gundlach's periscope allowing tank commander to obtain 360 degree view without moving the seats (pictured). The design was first used in the Polish 7-TP light tank. Shortly before the war it was given to the British and was used in most tanks of WWII, including the British Crusader, Churchill, Valentine, and Cromwell and the American Sherman. The design was later copied and used extensively in tanks of the USSR (including the T-34 and T-70) and Germany.


Naval use

Officer at periscope in control room of submarinePeriscopes allow a submarine submerged at shallow depth to search for targets and threats in the surrounding sea and air. When not in use, the periscope is retracted into the hull. A sub commander in tactical conditions must excercise discretion when using his periscope, since it creates an observable wake and may be detectable to radar, giving away the sub's position.

A simple, fixed naval periscope using plane mirrors was built by the Frenchman Marie Davey in 1854. Thomas H. Doughty of the US Navy later invented a prismatic version for use in the American Civil War (circa 1891).

The invention of the collapsible periscope for use in submarine warfare is usually credited to Simon Lake in 1902, who called his device the omniscope or skalomniscope. There is also a report that an Italian, Triulzi, demonstrated such a device in 1901 calling it a cleptoscope.

Another early example of naval use of the periscope are the two adapted on the experimental French submarine Gymnote by the Captain Arthur Krebs in 1888 and 1889 (see in French : rbmn).


A modern submarine periscope incorporates lenses for magnification and functions as a telescope. It typically employs prisms and total internal reflection instead of mirrors, because prisms, which do not require coatings on the reflecting surface, are much more rugged than mirrors. It may have additional optical capabilities such as range finding and targeting. The mechanical systems of submarine periscopes are typically hydraulically powered and need to be quite sturdy to withstand the drag through water. The periscope chassis may also be used as to support a radio or radar antenna.

Submarines traditionally had two periscopes: a navigation or observation periscope and a targeting, or commander's, periscope. These were originally mounted in the conning tower, one forward of the other in the narrow hulls of diesel-electric submarines. In the much wider hulls of recent US Navy submarines, the two are located side-by-side. The observation scope was used to scan the sea surface and sky and typically had a wide field of view and no magnification or low-power magnification. The targeting or "attack" periscope, by comparison, had a narrower field of view and higher magnification. In World War II and earlier submarines it was the only means of gathering target data to accurately fire a torpedo, since sonar was not yet sufficiently advanced for this purpose and most torpedoes were unguided.

However, the most modern submarines no longer use periscopes. The United States Navy's Virginia-class submarines instead use photonics masts, which lift an electronic imaging sensor set above the water. Signals from the sensor set are transmitted electronically to workstations in the submarine's control center. While the cables carrying the signal must penetrate the submarine's hull, that hull opening is much smaller and more easily sealed — therefore less expensive and safer — than those required by periscopes. Eliminating the telescoping tube running through the conning tower also allows greater freedom in designing the pressure hull and placing internal equipment.

Answer 4

light is manuevered by mirrors to move the viewing point