can you please describe the changes that occur in matter as heat is added?

Answer 1

As matter is heated the molecular vibration increases when it passes a certain point it expands and takes on a new form. These points are, the melting point, the point of vaporization (turns into gas) and the point of plasmafication (turns into plasma).

·Heat = the energy inside a molecule that causes it to vibrate.
·Melt = the point when the vibration is strong enough for the substance to melt.
·Vaporization = the point when the molecular vibration is strong enough for the substance to turn into a gas.
·Plasmafication = the point when the molecular vibration is strong enough to form a plasma.

All atoms vibrate; the rotating electrons in the energy field of a proton create a very tiny electrical and magnetic field. Unlike our solar system and the planets the electrons don’t move in a single orbit around the nucleus. In fact their orbits are so complex that they are said to move in a cloud of probability. So the exact force generated by the rotating electrons is uneven. When you put more energy into the system; by adding heat the molecules vibrate faster. When you take away the heat the molecular vibration decreases. At 0 degrees Kelvin (–273.15° C, –459.67° F) all molecular vibration stops (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Zero). This theoretical point is called absolute zero. It is the lowest temperature that any object can possibly reach, but it is only a theoretical limit since you can’t completely stop the molecular vibration. The average temperature of deep space is between 3-4 degrees Kelvin, which is still very cold.

When an object is at a temperature close to that of absolute zero it is a solid. As the temperature rises then the atoms vibrate more and at a certain point the speed of the vibration allows the molecular bond to slip just a little and the object turns into a liquid; it melts. For water this point is just above 0° C (32° F) as the temperature increases then the molecules vibrate faster. At some point the vibrations reach a point where the molecular bond slips just a little and the object turns into a gas; for water this point is 100° C (212° F). When the temperature reaches an even higher point, like that found in the center of stars, the molecular vibration increases. At a certain point the molecular bond slips just a little and the molecules form a plasma. Plasma can only be created a these huge temperatures, since any observation equipment would have melted long before that we don’t know when that point is for most elements or molecular compounds.

The much sought after Fusion Reactor forces hydrogen atoms to reach a plasma state. At that point it is easier to break the molecular bonds allowing hydrogen to be fused and converted into helium. This is the power that keeps most of the stars burning. The reaction creates a lot of extra heat and energy, more than that created by another other known process (except a hydrogen bomb—which needs an atomic bomb to trigger it).

These points vary for each molecule and element (elements are objects that have all the same atoms, molecules are made up of a combination of one or more elements). The points also vary with the pressure. Due to the height on a great mountain (like Mt. Everest) the air pressure is lower so it takes less heat to make water boil. If the air pressure is increased it takes more temperature to make the same sample of water vibrate. The increased pressure of the air makes the molecules vibrate less so they are colder. Therefore when making coffee at 10,000 feet on an airplane the boiling temperature is reduced than when you do it at sea level (which is why coffee and soup aren’t common beverages on an airplane).

As the temperature increases then the molecular compound requires more space. For it to occupy the same space the molecular compound must be put under increasing higher pressures. This doesn’t always work though. Water is an incompressible material. The water at the bottom of the sea takes up the exact same space as a similar water sample at sea level. If you took a gallon of water and subjected it to intense pressure the container would fail before the water could be compressed. Even if the container was 20’ thick and made of the strongest substance available. The water would never compress.

So why does ice take up more space than a similar volume of water? When some molecular substances harden they crystallize (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystals). The crystal structure is incredibly strong and it can form with small air bubbles trapped inside. This is why water ice floats in most liquids. Another material that forms crystals is quartz (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz); per weight solid quartz is incredibly strong. It also has the property of being clear, so quartz windows are used on the space shuttle and on deep diving submarines. Even then the pressure near the bottom of the ocean is so great that very thick quartz panes are needed to keep the pressure out.

The space shuttle, many rockets and missiles also use liquid oxygen. A liquid form is used because it takes up less space than the gas can be compressed to. If you compress the gas oxygen then you will have to have tighter walls to hold that pressure inside, which means extra weight. The best way to get a lot of oxygen into a tank, designed at the minimum weight is to freeze the oxygen. (On the space shuttle foam insulation is used to keep the oxygen a liquid while in the tank, if it wasn’t used then there is a danger of the oxygen vaporizing and puncturing the tank—that’s why Columbia had a foam impact, the foam is needed to keep that huge tank cool enough.) So how do people make liquid oxygen (LOX http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygen) it is at a temperature far below what a freezer reaches? To make LOX a combination of pressure and refrigeration are used.

A volume of gas is put into a sealed chamber, and then the volume of the chamber is increased by pulling a piston out. As the space increases the gas has to expand to fill it. To do that it has to lose energy, it becomes cooler. If the gas were heated then it could easily fill the space, but without being heated the gas needs to lose heat to fill the chamber. Then the chamber is refrigerated. Do this a few times and the oxygen turns into a liquid. Nitrogen has an even colder melting point so to make liquid nitrogen the same process is used.

When a refrigerator or an air-conditioner works the heat is taken from the freezer box or the house and transferred outside. The pump and compressor use the same method I described above to reduce the temperature of a coolant. The coolant carries the heat outside to radiator coils and it is then transferred back into the compressor for another cycle. In a household AC unit air is blown over the cold coolant into the house. Then the coolant is taken outside to a radiator coil where it is dumped. But, this process takes energy so it actually creates heat. Of course this heat is created by the pump and compressor so it is outside of the system, or outside of the home.

According to the laws of thermodynamics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics) energy must be conserved (1st law: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics#The_laws_of_thermodynamics) and energy cannot be created it can only be lost (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy). This process of energy loss is entropy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy) and is the reason why perpetual motion machines don’t work. When energy is removed from a system it goes out into the universe in a vain attempt to increase the temperature of the universe. Eventually the energy will spread throughout the universe raising the temperature of the universe to 5-8 degrees K. This process is called the heat death of the universe and will be the eventual end of all things as we know them. Of course for this to happen it will take several million billion of years so most people don’t worry about it much.

Cooling is done by removing the energy from a molecule. That energy has to go somewhere so it is transferred outside of the system; the energy cannot be created or loss so it has to spread out. It is possible to make cool pockets, but you are only making things warmer around those cool pockets when you use refrigeration.

Matter exists in four states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Each state is a direct reflection of the amount of energy inside that matter. The more energy you put into matter the warmer it becomes, and the more energy you remove the cooler becomes. Objects heated into a plasma can still get hotter, but there is no known fifth state of matter. Objects cooled can approach absolute zero, but never quite reach it. When work is done the expenditure of energy creates heat. Eventually that heat radiates out into the environment and into space; this is called entropy. Eventually the heat in the universe will even out; creating the heat death of the universe.

Answer 2

Heat causes the atoms in matter to speed up, as more heat is added, matter can go from solid to liquid to gas. Gas requires the most heat and solids require the least amount of heat.

Answer 3

when heat is added a solid will become a liquid and with more heat it will then become a gas. This happens since heat causes the molecules to be able to break apart their atractions and spread out

Answer 4

rely and warmth are 2 countless issues. warmth is a sort of power, and rely is-rely. the problem can benefit warmth, however the warmth can no longer benefit rely. warmth is a sources of rely (rather, a gadget of fabrics) . you may not "contain warmth". warmth would be recognized as a feeling of the "power stages" of a gadget. Strictly conversing warmth is the pass of power- the pass because of the temperature distinction between one piece of rely to the different. this is, in case you touch your arms mutually, you do no longer experience warmth - yet once you touch fire (an ongoing chemical reaction that evolves warmth) you will needless to say experience warmth.

Answer 5

Temperature rises. the average kinetic energy of the molecules increases.