who invented forensic science?

Answer 1

The "Eureka" legend of Archimedes (287-212 BC) can be considered an early account of the use of forensic science. In this case, by examining the principles of water displacement, Archimedes was able to prove that a crown was not made of gold (as it was fraudulently claimed) by its density and buoyancy.

The earliest account of fingerprint use to establish identity was during the 7th century. According to Soleiman, an Arabic merchant, a debtor's fingerprints were affixed to a bill, which would then be given to the lender. This bill was legally recognized as proof of the validity of the debt.

The first written account of using medicine and entomology to solve (separate) criminal cases is attributed to the book Xi Yuan Ji Lu (洗冤集錄, translated as "Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified"), written in 1248 China by Song Ci (宋慈, 1186-1249). In one of the accounts, the case of a person murdered with a sickle was solved by a death investigator who instructed everyone to bring their sickles to one location. Flies, attracted by the smell of blood, eventually gathered on a single sickle. In light of this, the murderer confessed. The book also offered advice on how to distinguish between a drowning (water in the lungs) and strangulation (broken neck cartilage).

In sixteenth century Europe, medical practitioners in army and university settings began to gather information on cause and manner of death. Ambroise Paré, a French army surgeon, systematically studied the effects of violent death on internal organs. Two Italian surgeons, Fortunato Fidelis and Paolo Zacchia, laid the foundation of modern pathology by studying changes which occurred in the structure of the body as the result of disease. In the late 1700s, writings on these topics began to appear. These included: "A Treatise on Forensic Medicine and Public Health" by the French physician Fodéré, and "The Complete System of Police Medicine" by the German medical expert Johann Peter Franck.

In 1775, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele devised a way of detecting arsenous oxide, simple arsenic, in corpses, although only in large quantities. This investigation was expanded, in 1806, by German chemist Valentin Ross, who learned to detect the poison in the walls of a victim's stomach, and by English chemist James Marsh, who used chemical processes to confirm arsenic as the cause of death in an 1836 murder trial.

Two early examples of English forensic science in individual legal proceedings demonstrate the increasing use of logic and procedure in criminal investigations. In 1784, in Lancaster, England, John Toms was tried and convicted for murdering Edward Culshaw with a pistol. When the dead body of Culshaw was examined, a pistol wad (crushed paper used to secure powder and balls in the muzzle) found in his head wound matched perfectly with a torn newspaper found in Toms' pocket. In Warwick, England, in 1816, a farm laborer was tried and convicted of the murder of a young maidservant. She had been drowned in a shallow pool and bore the marks of violent assault. The police found footprints and an impression from corduroy cloth with a sewn patch in the damp earth near the pool. There were also scattered grains of wheat and chaff. The breeches of a farm laborer who had been threshing wheat nearby were examined and corresponded exactly to the impression in the earth near the pool.

Answer 2

This answer can only come from your text or notes .... The reason is simple .. different agencys have different staffing concerns.... #1 - I have worked with agencies that had the road / patrol do all collections, or detectives do the scene processing & collections, or Trained evidence Tech's or CSI's ..... Some small agencies have the same person who collects it process the evidence, search the latent prints, make the idents .... one stop shopping. Larger Dept's are more copartmentalized .. they have patrol, detectives, CIS's, Latent Examiners, and lab techs .. the reason is money & convictions .... the more folks with hands in the work make it less likely for the testamony of one person to loose or damage the case. If only one or two folks process the case all the way through, it becomes easy for a lawyer to attach the training or credibility to impeach the two involved. . . . to create doubt. If you have 5 or six folks involved .. it's less likely the ALL consipried to screw the defendant and set him up ... make sence. A)- they collect and document the evidence, B)- preform lab analysis of the evidence, C)- Specialized analysis of bones or burried evidence, D)-Dig into the why and how a person did what they did. #2- a good case for Scotland Yard can be made for the real life application of analysis of evidence and it's use in court. Others believe it starts with the thought or idea of the actual application.... Go with Scotland Yard on this one ... facts used in real life. Good Luck.

Answer 3

Josephine Forens who was born near Paris in 1809, studied at the Ecole Technicale and began working in the Paris Morgue as an assistant to Dr. A. Montressor in 1832.

Answer 4

The first recorded application of medical knowledge to the solution of crime. In the 1248 Chinese book Hsi DuanYu or the Washing Away of Wrongs, ways to distinguish between death by drowning or death by strangulation were described.
Italian doctor, Fortunatus Fidelis is recognized as being the first person to practice modern forensic medicine, beginning in 1598. Forensic medicine is the "application of medical knowledge to legal questions." It became a recognized branch of medicine in the early 19th century.earlier and less successful lie detector or polygraph machine was invented by James Mackenzie in 1902. However, the modern polygraph machine was invented by John Larson in 1921.
John Larson, a University of California medical student, invented the modern lie detector (polygraph) in 1921. Used in police interrogation and investigation since 1924, the lie detector is still controversial among psychologists, and is not always judicially acceptable.

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The name polygraph comes from the fact that the machine records several different body responses simultaneously as the individual is questioned.
The theory is that when a person lies, the lying causes a certain amount of stress that produces changes in several involuntary physiological reactions. A series of different sensors are attached to the body, and as the polygraph measures changes in breathing, blood pressure, pulse and perspiration, pens record the data on graph paper. During a lie detector test, the operator asks a series of control questions that set the pattern of how an individual responds when giving true and false answers. Then the actual questions are asked, mixed in with filler questions. The examination lasts about 2 hours, after which the expert interprets the data.

19th century it was observed that contact between someone's hands and a surface left barely visible and marks called fingerprints. Fine powder (dusting) was used to make the marks more visible.
Modern fingerprint identification dates from 1880, when the British scientific journal Nature published letters by the Englishmen Henry Faulds and William James Herschel describing the uniqueness and permanence of fingerprints.

Their observations were verified by the English scientist Sir Francis Galton, who designed the first elementary system for classifying fingerprints based on grouping the patterns into arches, loops, and whorls.

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Galton's system was improved upon by London police commissioner, Sir Edward R. Henry. The Galton-Henry system of fingerprint classification, was published in June 1900, and officially introduced at Scotland Yard in 1901. It is the most widely used method of fingerprinting to date.
Police Cars
In 1899, the first police car was used in Akron, Ohio. Police cars became the basis of police transportation in the 20th century.

The first multi-shot pistol, introduced by Samuel Colt, goes into mass production. The weapon is adopted by the Texas Rangers and, thereafter, by police departments nationwide.

1854-59
San Francisco is the site of one of the earliest uses of systematic photography for criminal identification.

1862
On June 17, 1862, inventor W.
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V. Adams patented handcuffs that used adjustable ratchets - the first modern handcuffs.

1877
The use of the telegraph by fire and police departments begins in Albany, New York in 1877.

1878
The telephone comes into use in police precinct houses in Washington, D.C.

1888
Chicago is the first U.S. city to adopt the Bertillon system of identification. Alphonse Bertillon, a French criminologist, applies techniques of human body measurement used in anthropological classification to the identification of criminals. His system remains in vogue in North America and Europe until it is replaced at the turn of the century by the fingerprint method of identification.

1901
Scotland Yard adopts a fingerprint classification system devised by Sir Edward Richard Henry. Subsequent fingerprint classification systems are generally extensions of Henry's system.

1910
Edmund Locard establishes the first police department crime laboratory in Lyon, France.

1923
The Los Angeles Police Department establishes the first police department crime laboratory in the United States.

1923
The use of the teletype is inaugurated by the Pennsylvania State Police.

1928
Detroit police begin using the one-way radio.

1934
Boston Police begin using the two-way radio.

1930s
American police begin the widespread use of the automobile.

1930
The prototype of the present-day polygraph is developed for use in police stations.

1932
The FBI inaugurates its crime laboratory which, over the years, comes to be world renowned.

1948
Radar is introduced to traffic law enforcement.

1948
The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) meets for the first time.

1955
The New Orleans Police Department installs an electronic data processing machine, possibly the first department in the country to do so. The machine is not a computer, but a vacuum-tube operated calculator with a punch-card sorter and collator. It summarizes arrests and warrants.

1958
A former marine invents the side-handle baton, a baton with a handle attached at a 90-degree angle near the gripping end. Its versatility and effectiveness eventually make the side-handle baton standard issue in many U.S. police agencies.

Answer 5

Yes I agree with the above

Answer 6

It could be here:
http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventions/a/forensic_2.htm?terms=make+a+phone+call+using+a+computer
Good Luck!!
xxx

Answer 7

I don't know

Answer 8

thank you everyone for all the answers!