how the foraminifera is used in petroleum exploration in the world and in pakistan?

Question

plz give any website on it.

Answer 1

Foraminifers are unicellular marine organisms. They make very good index fossils for ancient ocean sediments because they were/are widespread in marine sedimentary rocks and they evolved quickly (lots of different species). Some foraminifers are also good indicators of environment (depth, percent oxygen, ocean salinity). In addition, the source rocks of oil and gas are usually marine sedimentary rocks--so, that's another reason why foraminifers are good index fossils for petroleum geologists. Also, they are small. So, when a well is drilled, a paleontologist can look at small pieces of rock from the drilling and has a good chance of finding foraminifers in the rock if it is a marine sedimentary rock. Then the paleontologist can identify the age of the rock and possibly the depositional environment. This helps the petroleum geologist determine which rock unit the well has penetrated. The same is true for the making of surface geologic maps. When geologists are exploring for oil or gas, they need to determine the structure of the rocks and the history of the rocks. Because they are such useful index fossils, the foraminifers help them to do that.

Answer 2

They use large THUMPER trucks with sound sensors over the area. the thumpers go through the center of the sound sensor field ,the reflections are recorded and analyzed very quickly while they are setup. It might be necessary to re thump it.